New perspectives on transient stability between grid-following and grid-forming VSCs

Abstract: The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between gridfollowing and grid-forming controlled converters are established as follows: 1) the proportional gain of PLL is in inverse proportion to damping; 2) the integral gain of PLL is similar to integral droop; 3) PLL has no practical inertia but acts like grid-forming control in zero inertia cases. Further, a general stability-enhanced method combining damping and inertia is proposed, and the modified energy function is obtained to estimate the region of attraction for the system. Finally, these findings are corroborated by simulation tests with an intuitive conclusion.