PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Models

Abstract: Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various architectures to model this problem. However, these systems did not leverage the superb performance of pretrained LLMs, which achieved superb performance on natural language understanding tasks. Prior work has shown that pretrained LLMs underperformed on this task with the regular finetuning scheme. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing the causes of the underperformance and developing a framework for automatic ICD coding with pretrained LLMs. We spotted three main issues through the experiments: 1) large label space, 2) long input sequences, and 3) domain mismatch between pretraining and fine-tuning. We propose PLMICD, a framework that tackles the challenges with various strategies. The experimental results show that our proposed framework can overcome the challenges and achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of multiple metrics on the benchmark MIMIC data. The source code is available at https://github.com/MiuLab/PLM-ICD