A critical Schrödinger cat qubit

Abstract: Encoding quantum information onto bosonic systems is a promising route to quantum error correction. In a cat code, this encoding relies on the confinement of the system's dynamics onto the two-dimensional manifold spanned by Schr\"odinger cats of opposite parity. In dissipative cat qubits, an engineered dissipation scheme combining two-photon drive and loss has been used to autonomously stabilize this manifold, ensuring passive protection against bit-flip errors, regardless of their origin. In Kerr cat qubits, where highly-performing gates can be engineered, two-photon drive and Kerr nonlinearity cooperate to confine the system to a two-fold degenerate ground state manifold spanned by cats of opposite parity. Dissipative, Hamiltonian, and hybrid confinements have been investigated at resonance. Here, we propose a critical cat code, where both two-photon loss and Kerr nonlinearity are present, and the two-photon drive is allowed to be out of resonance. The performance of this code is assessed via the spectral theory of Liouvillians in all configurations, from the purely dissipative to the Kerr limit. We show that large detunings and small, but non-negligible, two-photon loss rates are fundamental to achieve optimal performance. We demonstrate that the competition between nonlinearity and detuning results in a first-order dissipative phase transition, leading to a squeezed vacuum steady state. To achieve the maximal suppression of the logical bit-flip rate requires initializing the system in the metastable state emerging from the first-order transition, and we detail a protocol to do so. Efficiently operating over a broad range of detuning values, the critical cat code is particularly resistant to random frequency shifts characterizing multiple-qubit operations, opening venues for the realization of reliable protocols for scalable and concatenated bosonic qubit architectures.