The mystery of plethysm coefficients

Abstract: Composing two representations of the general linear groups gives rise to Littlewood's (outer) plethysm. On the level of characters, this poses the question of finding the Schur expansion of the plethysm of two Schur functions. A combinatorial interpretation for the Schur expansion coefficients of the plethysm of two Schur functions is, in general, still an open problem. We identify a proof technique of combinatorial representation theory, which we call the "$s$-perp trick", and point out several examples in the literature where this idea is used. We use the $s$-perp trick to give algorithms for computing monomial and Schur expansions of symmetric functions. In several special cases, these algorithms are more efficient than those currently implemented in {\sc SageMath}.