Spatial Equity of Micromobility Systems: A Comparison of Shared E-scooters and Station-based Bikeshare in Washington DC

Abstract: Many cities around the world have introduced dockless micromobility services in recent years and witnessed their rapid growth. Shared dockless e-scooters have the potential to benefit neighborhoods that lack access to station-based bikeshare services, but they may also exacerbate the existing spatial disparities. While some studies have examined the equity of station-based bikeshare systems, limited knowledge is available regarding dockless e-scooter services. This study uses Washington DC as a case study, a city with both dockless e-scooter and station-based bikeshare systems, to conduct equity analysis of the two types of micromobility options. We develop an analytical framework to examine how dockless e-scooter and station-based bikeshare differ on a set of equity-related outcomes (i.e., availability, accessibility, usage, and idle time) across neighborhoods of different socioeconomic categories. Results reveal that dockless e-scooter services increase accessibility to shared micromobility options for disadvantaged neighborhoods but also widen the access gap across neighborhoods. Compared to bikeshare, shared e-scooters have a higher level of spatial accessibility overall due to greater supply; however, the greater supply largely leads to longer average idle time of shared e-scooters rather than a greater number of trips. Finally, it appears that the bikeshare system's equity program effectively promotes low-income use but e-scooters' equity programs do not. Our findings suggest that increasing vehicle supply alone would probably not lead to higher micromobility use in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Instead, policymakers should combine a variety of strategies such as promoting the enrollment of equity programs and reducing access barriers (e.g., smartphone and banking requirements) to micromobility services.