Periodic Clifford symmetry algebras on flux lattices

Abstract: Real Clifford algebras play a fundamental role in the eight real Altland-Zirnbauer symmetry classes and the classification tables of topological phases. Here, we present another elegant realization of real Clifford algebras in the $d$-dimensional spinless rectangular lattices with $\pi$ flux per plaquette. Due to the $T$-invariant flux configuration, real Clifford algebras are realized as projective symmetry algebras of lattice symmetries. Remarkably, $d$ mod $8$ exactly corresponds to the eight Morita equivalence classes of real Clifford algebras with eightfold Bott periodicity, resembling the eight real Altland-Zirnbauer classes. The representation theory of Clifford algebras determines the degree of degeneracy of band structures, both at generic $k$ points and at high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. Particularly, we demonstrate that the large degeneracy at high-symmetry points offers a rich resource for forming novel topological states by various dimerization patterns, including a $3$D higher-order semimetal state with double-charged bulk nodal loops and hinge modes, a $4$D nodal surface semimetal with $3$D surface solid-ball zero modes, and $4$D M\"{o}bius topological insulators with a eightfold surface nodal point or a fourfold surface nodal ring. Our theory can be experimentally realized in artificial crystals by their engineerable $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge fields and capability to simulate higher dimensional systems.