Floquet multi-gap topology: Non-Abelian braiding and anomalous Dirac string phase

Abstract: Topological phases of matter span a wide area of research shaping fundamental pursuits and offering promise for future applications. While a significant fraction of topological materials has been characterized using symmetry requirements of wave functions, the past two years have witnessed the rise of novel multi-gap dependent topological states, the properties of which go beyond these approaches and are yet to be fully explored. Thriving upon these insights, we report on uncharted anomalous phases and properties that can only arise in out-of-equilibrium Floquet settings. In particular, we identify Floquet-induced non-Abelian braiding mechanisms, which in turn lead to a phase characterized by an anomalous Euler class, the prime example of a multi-gap topological invariant. Most strikingly, we also retrieve the first example of an `anomalous Dirac string phase'. This gapped out-of-equilibrium phase features an unconventional Dirac string configuration that physically manifests itself via anomalous edge states on the boundary. Our results therefore not only provide a stepping stone for the exploration of intrinsically dynamical and experimentally viable multi-gap topological phases, but also demonstrate a powerful way to observe these non-Abelian processes notably in quantum simulators.