Blocking subspaces with points and hyperplanes

Abstract: In this paper, we characterise the smallest sets $B$ consisting of points and hyperplanes in $\text{PG}(n,q)$, such that each $k$-space is incident with at least one element of $B$. If $k > \frac {n-1} 2$, then the smallest construction consists only of points. Dually, if $k < \frac{n-1}2$, the smallest example consists only of hyperplanes. However, if $k = \frac{n-1}2$, then there exist sets containing both points and hyperplanes, which are smaller than any blocking set containing only points or only hyperplanes.