Nondestructive Verification of Entangled States via Fidelity Witnessing

Abstract: Assessing the quality of an ensemble of noisy entangled states is a central task in quantum information processing. Usually this is done by measuring and hence destroying multiple copies, from which state tomography or fidelity estimation can be employed to characterize states. Here we propose several methods to directly distinguish between two different sets of states, e.g. if their fidelity is above or below a certain threshold value. This turns out to be significantly more efficient, and importantly keeps the verified states intact. We make use of auxiliary entanglement or an ensemble of larger size, where we operate on the whole ensemble, but measure only a small fraction where information has been concentrated. For certain state families, we demonstrate that such an approach can even outperform optimal methods that collectively measure directly a fixed fraction of the ensemble.