Lower bounds for piercing and coloring boxes

Abstract: Given a family $\mathcal{B}$ of axis-parallel boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, let $\tau$ denote its piercing number, and $\nu$ its independence number. It is an old question whether $\tau/\nu$ can be arbitrarily large for given $d\geq 2$. Here, for every $\nu$, we construct a family of axis-parallel boxes achieving $$\tau\geq \Omega_d(\nu)\cdot\left(\frac{\log \nu}{\log\log \nu}\right)^{d-2}.$$ This not only answers the previous question for every $d\geq 3$ positively, but also matches the best known upper bound up to double-logarithmic factors. Our main construction has further implications about the Ramsey and coloring properties of configurations of boxes as well. We show the existence of a family of $n$ boxes in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, whose intersection graph has clique and independence number $O_d(n^{1/2})\cdot \left(\frac{\log n}{\log\log n}\right)^{-(d-2)/2}.$ This is the first improvement over the trivial upper bound $O_d(n^{1/2})$, and matches the best known lower bound up to double-logarithmic factors. Finally, for every $\omega$ satisfying $\frac{\log n}{\log\log n}\ll \omega\ll n^{1-\varepsilon}$, we construct an intersection graph of $n$ boxes with clique number at most $\omega$, and chromatic number $\Omega_{d,\varepsilon}(\omega)\cdot \left(\frac{\log n}{\log\log n}\right)^{d-2}.$ This matches the best known upper bound up to a factor of $O_d((\log w)(\log \log n)^{d-2})$.