The maximum length of shortest accepted strings for direction-determinate two-way finite automata

Abstract: It is shown that, for every $n \geqslant 2$, the maximum length of the shortest string accepted by an $n$-state direction-determinate two-way finite automaton is exactly $\binom{n}{\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor}-1$ (direction-determinate automata are those that always remember in the current state whether the last move was to the left or to the right). For two-way finite automata of the general form, a family of $n$-state automata with shortest accepted strings of length $\frac{3}{4} \cdot 2^n - 1$ is constructed.