Wave description of geometric phase

Abstract: Since Pancharatnam's 1956 discovery of optical geometric phase, and Berry's 1984 discovery of geometric phase in quantum systems, researchers analyzing geometric phase have focused almost exclusively on algebraic approaches using the Jones calculus, or on spherical trigonometry approaches using the Poincar\'e sphere. The abstracted mathematics of the former, and the abstracted geometry of the latter, obscure the physical mechanism that generates geometric phase. We show that optical geometric phase derives entirely from the superposition of waves and the resulting shift in the location of the wave maximum. This wave-based model provides a way to visualize how geometric phase arises from relationships between waves, and from the transformations induced by optical elements. We also derive the relationship between the geometric phase of a wave by itself and the phase exhibited by an interferogram, and provide the conditions under which the two match one another.