A gapped generalization of Kingman's subadditive ergodic theorem

Abstract: We state and prove a generalization of Kingman's ergodic theorem on a measure-preserving dynamical system $(X,\mathcal{F},\mu,T)$ where the $\mu$-almost sure subadditivity condition $f_{n+m} \leq f_n + f_m \circ T^{n}$ is relaxed to a $\mu$-almost sure, "gapped", almost subadditivity condition of the form $f_{n+\sigma_m+m} \leq f_n +\rho_n + f_m \circ T^{n+\sigma_n}$ for some nonnegative $\rho_n \in L^1(\mathrm{d}\mu)$ and $\sigma_n \in \mathbf{N} \cup {0}$ that are suitably sublinear in $n$. This generalization has a first application to the existence of specific relative entropies for suitably decoupled measures on one-sided shifts.