Extension of Realisations for Low-Dimensional Lie Algebras and Relative Differential Invariants

Abstract: We start with a realisation of a Lie algebra with the basis operators $L=\langle Q_m\rangle$, $Q_m=\zeta_{mj}(x_i)\partial_{x_j}$, where $x_i$ are some variables that may be regarded as dependent or independent in construction of some equations or differential invariants. We take additional variables $R_k$, and study the linearly extended action operators $ {\hat Q_m}={Q_m}+\lambda_{mjk}R_j\partial_{R_k}$ that form the same Lie algebra with the same structural constants. For a fixed realisation of any Lie algebra $L$ we can classify all inequivalent extended action realisations for a finite number of additional variables. Such realisations allow to construct new invariant equations for the same realisation of the algebra, but involving additional variables, and to classify exhaustively relative differential invariants and invariant equations for the respective realisations of Lie algebras. They can be also applied to other problems in the symmetry analysis of differential equations. Here we classify extensions of realisations for inequivalent low-dimensional Lie algebras. The problem of classification of the relative differential invariants has an interesting story attached to it, and the background section may be worth reading not only for people in the field.