Robust propagation-based phase retrieval for CT in proximity to highly attenuating objects

Abstract: X-ray imaging is a fast, precise and non-invasive method of imaging which, combined with computed tomography, provides detailed 3D rendering of samples. Incorporating propagation-based phase contrast can vastly improve data quality for weakly attenuating samples via material-specific phase retrieval filters, allowing radiation exposure to be reduced. However, applying phase retrieval to multi-material phantoms complicates analysis by requiring a choice of which material boundary to tune the phase retrieval. Filtering for the boundary with strongest phase contrast increases noise suppression, but with the detriment of over-blurring other interfaces, potentially obscuring small or neighbouring features and removing quantitative sample information. Additionally, regions bounded by more than one material type inherently cannot be conventionally filtered to reconstruct the whole boundary. As remedy, we present a computationally-efficient, non-iterative nor AI-mediated method for applying strong phase retrieval, whilst preserving sharp boundaries for all materials within the sample. This technique was tested on phase contrast images of a rabbit kitten brain encased by the surrounding dense skull. Using 24 keV synchrotron radiation with a 5 m propagation distance, our technique provided a 6.9-fold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of brain tissue compared to the standard phase retrieval procedure, without over-smoothing the images. Simultaneous quantification of edge resolution and SNR gain was performed with an aluminium-water phantom imaged using a microfocus X-ray tube at mean energy 19.58 keV and 0.576 m effective propagation distance. Our method provided a 4.2-fold SNR boost whilst preserving the boundary resolution at 54 $\pm$ 1 $\mu$m, compared to 108 $\pm$ 2 $\mu$m in conventional phase retrieval.