Logical Characterization of Algebraic Circuit Classes over Integral Domains

Abstract: We present an adapted construction of algebraic circuits over the reals introduced by Cucker and Meer to arbitrary infinite integral domains and generalize the $\mathrm{AC}{\mathbb{R}}$ and $\mathrm{NC}{\mathbb{R}}$-classes for this setting. We give a theorem in the style of Immerman's theorem which shows that for these adapted formalisms, sets decided by circuits of constant depth and polynomial size are the same as sets definable by a suitable adaptation of first-order logic. Additionally, we discuss a generalization of the guarded predicative logic by Durand, Haak and Vollmer and we show characterizations for the $\mathrm{AC}{R}$ and $\mathrm{NC}{R}$ hierarchy. Those generalizations apply to the Boolean $\mathrm{AC}$ and $\mathrm{NC}$ hierarchies as well. Furthermore, we introduce a formalism to be able to compare some of the aforementioned complexity classes with different underlying integral domains.