The Number of Edges in Maximal 2-planar Graphs

Abstract: A graph is $2$-planar if it has local crossing number two, that is, it can be drawn in the plane such that every edge has at most two crossings. A graph is maximal $2$-planar if no edge can be added such that the resulting graph remains $2$-planar. A $2$-planar graph on $n$ vertices has at most $5n-10$ edges, and some (maximal) $2$-planar graphs -- referred to as optimal $2$-planar -- achieve this bound. However, in strong contrast to maximal planar graphs, a maximal $2$-planar graph may have fewer than the maximum possible number of edges. In this paper, we determine the minimum edge density of maximal $2$-planar graphs by proving that every maximal $2$-planar graph on $n\ge 5$ vertices has at least $2n$ edges. We also show that this bound is tight, up to an additive constant. The lower bound is based on an analysis of the degree distribution in specific classes of drawings of the graph. The upper bound construction is verified by carefully exploring the space of admissible drawings using computer support.