Detection of Interstellar $E$-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene in GOTHAM Observations of TMC-1

Abstract: We report the detection of the lowest energy conformer of $E$-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene ($E$-1-C$4$H$_5$CN), a linear isomer of pyridine, using the fourth data reduction of the GOTHAM deep spectral survey toward TMC-1 with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope. We performed velocity stacking and matched filter analyses using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and find evidence for the presence of this molecule at the 5.1$\sigma$ level. We derive a total column density of $3.8^{+1.0}{-0.9}\times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-2}$, which is predominantly found toward two of the four velocity components we observe toward TMC-1. We use this molecule as a proxy for constraining the gas-phase abundance of the apolar hydrocarbon 1,3-butadiene. Based on the three-phase astrochemical modeling code NAUTILUS and an expanded chemical network, our model underestimates the abundance of cyano-1,3-butadiene by a factor of 19, with a peak column density of $2.34 \times 10^{10}\ \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ for 1,3-butadiene. Compared to the modeling results obtained in previous GOTHAM analyses, the abundance of 1,3-butadiene is increased by about two orders of magnitude. Despite this increase, the modeled abundances of aromatic species do not appear to change and remain underestimated by 1--4 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the abundances of the five-membered ring molecules increase proportionally with 1,3-butadiene by two orders of magnitudes. We discuss implications for bottom-up formation routes to aromatic and polycyclic aromatic molecules.