A scalable approach for short-term disease forecasting in high spatial resolution areal data

Abstract: Short-term disease forecasting at specific discrete spatial resolutions has become a high-impact decision-support tool in health planning. However, when the number of areas is very large obtaining predictions can be computationally intensive or even unfeasible using standard spatio-temporal models. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for short-term predictions in high-dimensional areal data based on a newly proposed ``divide-and-conquer" approach. We assess the predictive performance of this method and other classical spatio-temporal models in a validation study that uses cancer mortality data for the 7907 municipalities of continental Spain. The new proposal outperforms traditional models in terms of mean absolute error, root mean square error and interval score when forecasting cancer mortality one, two and three years ahead. Models are implemented in a fully Bayesian framework using the well-known integrated nested Laplace (INLA) estimation technique.