Helium bubbles in liquid lithium: a potential issue for ITER

Abstract: Future fusion nuclear reactors will produce sustainable energy form the fusion of deuterium and tritium. In order to do so, the reactors will need to produce their own tritium through the neutron bombardment of lithium. Such reaction will produce tritium and helium inside the breeding blanket of the reactor. Helium can trigger nucleation mechanisms due to its very low solubility inside liquid metals. Consequently, the knowledge and understanding of the microscopic processes of helium nucleation is crucial to improve the efficiency, sustainability and safety of the fusion energy production. The formation of helium bubbles inside the liquid metal used as breeding material may be a serious issue that has yet to be fully understood. We provide further insight on the behavior of lithium and helium mixtures at experimentally corresponding operating conditions (800~K and pressures between 1 and 100 bar) using a suitable microscopic model able to describe the helium and lithium atomic interactions, in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The simulations predict the formation of helium bubbles with radii around 10 Angstroem at ambient pressure and with surface tension values between 0.6-1.0 N/m, with a dependency of the concentration of helium. We also report cohesive energies of helium as well as a quantitative estimation of the Hildebrand and Kumar cohesion parameters.