Collective flows of clusters and pions in heavy-ion collisions at GeV energies

Abstract: Within the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics transport model, the collective flows of clusters and pions in heavy-ion collisions have been systematically investigated. The clusters are recognized by the Wigner phase-space density approach at the stage of freeze out in nuclear collisions, i.e., deuteron, triton, $^{3}$He and $\alpha$. The directed and elliptic flows of protons and deuterons in the reaction of $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at incident energy 1.23\emph{A} GeV are nicely consistent with the recent HADES data. The higher order collective flows, i.e., triangular and quadrangle flows, manifest the opposite trends with the less amplitude in comparison with the rapidity distributions of directed and elliptic flows. The flow structure of $^{3}$He and $\alpha$ is very similar to the proton spectra. The influence of the pion potential on the pion production is systematically investigated and compared with the FOPI data via the transverse momentum, longitudinal rapidity and collective flows in collisions of $^{197}$Au + $^{197}$Au. It is manifested that the pion yields are slightly suppressed in the domain of mid-rapidity and high momentum. The antiflow phenomena is reduced by implementing the pion potential and more consistent with the FOPI data in collisions of $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at the incident energy 1.5\emph{A} GeV.