Phase diagram of the SU($N$) antiferromagnet of spin $S$ on a square lattice

Abstract: We investigate the ground state phase diagram of an SU($N$)-symmetric antiferromagnetic spin model on a square lattice where each site hosts an irreducible representation of SU($N$) described by a square Young tableau of $N/2$ rows and $2S$ columns. We show that negative sign free fermion Monte Carlo simulations can be carried out for this class of quantum magnets at any $S$ and even values of $N$. In the large-$N$ limit, the saddle point approximation favors a four-fold degenerate valence bond solid phase. In the large $S$-limit, the semi-classical approximation points to N\'eel state. On a line set by $N=8S + 2$ in the $S$ versus $N$ phase diagram, we observe a variety of phases proximate to the N\'eel state. At $S = 1/2$ and $3/2$ we observe the aforementioned four fold degenerate valence bond solid state. At $S=1$ a two fold degenerate spin nematic state in which the C$_4$ lattice symmetry is broken down to C$_2$ emerges. Finally at $S=2$ we observe a unique ground state that pertains to a two-dimensional version of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state. For our specific realization, this symmetry protected topological state is characterized by an SU(18), $S=1/2$ boundary state, that has a dimerized ground state. These phases that are proximate to the N\'eel state are consistent with the notion of monopole condensation of the antiferromagnetic order parameter. In particular one expects spin disordered states with degeneracy set by $\text{mod}(4,2S)$.