Large Reconfigurable Quantum Circuits with SPAD Arrays and Multimode Fibers

Abstract: Reprogrammable linear optical circuits are essential elements of photonic quantum technology implementations. Integrated optics provides a natural platform for tunable photonic circuits, but faces challenges when high dimensions and high connectivity are involved. Here, we implement high-dimensional linear transformations on spatial modes of photons using wavefront shaping together with mode mixing in a multimode fiber, and measure photon correlations using a time-tagging single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. In order to prove the suitability of our approach for quantum technologies we demonstrate two-photon interferences in a tunable complex linear network -- a generalization of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference to 22 output ports. We study the scalability of our approach by quantifying the similarity between the ideal photon correlations and the correlations obtained experimentally for various linear transformations. Our results demonstrate the potential of wavefront shaping in complex media in conjunction with SPAD arrays for implementing high-dimensional reconfigurable quantum circuits. Specifically, we achieved $(80.5 \pm 6.8)\%$ similarity for indistinguishable photon pairs and $(84.9 \pm 7.0)\%$ similarity for distinguishable photon pairs using 22 detectors and random circuits. These results emphasize the scalability and reprogrammable nature of our approach.