Spectral convergence in large finite resonator arrays: the essential spectrum and band structure

Abstract: We show that resonant frequencies of a system of coupled resonators in a truncated periodic lattice converge to the essential spectrum of corresponding infinite lattice. We use the capacitance matrix as a model for fully coupled resonators with long-range interactions in three spatial dimensions. For one-, two- or three-dimensional lattices embedded in three-dimensional space, we show that the (discrete) density of states for the finite system converge in distribution to the (continuous) density of states of the infinite system. We achieve this by proving a weak convergence of the finite capacitance matrix to corresponding (translationally invariant) Toeplitz matrix of the infinite structure. With this characterization at hand, we use the truncated Floquet transform to introduce a notion of spectral band structure for finite materials. This principle is also applicable to structures that are not translationally invariant and have interfaces. We demonstrate this by considering examples of perturbed systems with defect modes, such as an analogue of the well-known interface Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model.