The Laplace approximation accuracy in high dimensions: a refined analysis and new skew adjustment

Abstract: In Bayesian inference, making deductions about a parameter of interest requires one to sample from or compute an integral against a posterior distribution. A popular method to make these computations cheaper in high-dimensional settings is to replace the posterior with its Laplace approximation (LA), a Gaussian distribution. In this work, we derive a leading order decomposition of the LA error, a powerful technique to analyze the accuracy of the approximation more precisely than was possible before. It allows us to derive the first ever skew correction to the LA which provably improves its accuracy by an order of magnitude in the high-dimensional regime. Our approach also enables us to prove both tighter upper bounds on the standard LA and the first ever lower bounds in high dimensions. In particular, we prove that $d^2\ll n$ is in general necessary for accuracy of the LA, where $d$ is dimension and $n$ is sample size. Finally, we apply our theory in two example models: a Dirichlet posterior arising from a multinomial observation, and logistic regression with Gaussian design. In the latter setting, we prove high probability bounds on the accuracy of the LA and skew-corrected LA in powers of $d/\sqrt n$ alone.