Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Number-State Reconstruction with a Single Single-Photon Avalanche Detector

Published 25 Aug 2023 in quant-ph | (2308.13603v3)

Abstract: Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are crucial sensors of light for many fields and applications. However, they are not able to resolve photon number, so typically more complex and more expensive experimental setups or devices must be used to measure the number of photons in a pulse. Here, we present a methodology for performing photon number-state reconstruction with only one SPAD. The methodology, which is cost-effective and easy to implement, uses maximum-likelihood techniques with a detector model whose parameters are measurable. We achieve excellent agreement between known input pulses and their reconstructions for coherent states with up to $\approx$ 10 photons and peak input photon rates up to several Mcounts/s. When detector imperfections are small, we maintain good agreement for coherent pulses with peak input photon rates of over 40 Mcounts/s, greater than one photon per detector dead time. For anti-bunched light, the reconstructed and independently measured pulse-averaged values of $g{(2)}(0)$ are also consistent with one another. Our algorithm is applicable to light pulses whose pulse width and correlation time scales are both at least a few detector dead times. These results, achieved with single commercially available SPADs, provide an inexpensive number-state reconstruction method and expand the capabilities of single-photon detectors.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (42)
  1. R. McConnell, D. Reens, M. Collins, J. Ciampi, D. Kharas, B. Aull, K. Donlon, C. D. Bruzewicz, B. Felton, J. Stuart, R. Niffenegger, P. Rich, D. Braje, K. Ryu, and J. Chiaverini, “High-fidelity trapped-ion state detection with an integrated avalanche photodiode,” \JournalTitleQuantum Sensing, Imaging, and Precision Metrology p. 126 (2023).
  2. N. Jackson, R. Hanley, M. Hill, F. Leroux, C. Adams, and M. Jones, “Number-resolved imaging of 8888{}^{88}start_FLOATSUPERSCRIPT 88 end_FLOATSUPERSCRIPTSr atoms in a long working distance optical tweezer,” \JournalTitleSciPost Physics 8, 038 (2020).
  3. L. Cacciapuoti and C. Salomon, “Atomic clock ensemble in space,” \JournalTitleJournal of Physics: Conference Series 327, 012049 (2011).
  4. G. Naletto, C. Barbieri, D. Dravins, T. Occhipinti, F. Tamburini, V. D. Deppo, S. Fornasier, M. D’Onofrio, R. A. E. Fosbury, R. Nilsson, H. Uthas, and L. Zampieri, “QuantEYE: a quantum optics instrument for extremely large telescopes,” \JournalTitleGround-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy pp. 62691W–1–62691W–9 (2006).
  5. A. N. Craddock, J. Hannegan, D. P. Ornelas-Huerta, J. D. Siverns, A. J. Hachtel, E. A. Goldschmidt, J. V. Porto, Q. Quraishi, and S. L. Rolston, “Quantum Interference between Photons from an Atomic Ensemble and a Remote Atomic Ion,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review Letters 123, 213601 (2019).
  6. S. Wein, K. Heshami, C. A. Fuchs, H. Krovi, Z. Dutton, W. Tittel, and C. Simon, “Efficiency of an enhanced linear optical Bell-state measurement scheme with realistic imperfections,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 94, 032332 (2016).
  7. A. Tontini, L. Gasparini, N. Massari, and R. Passerone, “SPAD-Based Quantum Random Number Generator With an Nth-Order Rank Algorithm on FPGA,” \JournalTitleIEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 66, 2067–2071 (2019).
  8. S. Jiang and M. Safari, “High-Speed Free-Space QKD in the Presence of SPAD Dead Time,” \JournalTitle2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops) 00, 457–462 (2022).
  9. J. C. Bienfang, A. Restelli, and A. Migdall, “SPAD electronics for high-speed quantum communications,” \JournalTitleQuantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VIII pp. 79452N–1–79452N–5 (2011).
  10. A. Tosi, F. Zappa, and S. Cova, “Single-photon detectors for practical quantum cryptography,” \JournalTitleElectro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications VI pp. 85421U–1–85421U–8 (2012).
  11. R. J. Donaldson, L. Mazzarella, U. Zanforlin, R. J. Collins, J. Jeffers, and G. S. Buller, “Quantum state correction using a measurement-based feedforward mechanism,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 100, 023840 (2019).
  12. F. Villa, F. Severini, F. Madonini, and F. Zappa, “SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR),” \JournalTitleSensors 21, 3839 (2021).
  13. L. Zhang, D. Chitnis, H. Chun, S. Rajbhandari, G. Faulkner, D. O’Brien, and S. Collins, “A Comparison of APD- and SPAD-Based Receivers for Visible Light Communications,” \JournalTitleJournal of Lightwave Technology 36, 2435–2442 (2018).
  14. C. Bruschini, H. Homulle, I. M. Antolovic, S. Burri, and E. Charbon, “Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook,” \JournalTitleLight: Science & Applications 8, 87 (2019).
  15. X. Michalet, R. A. Colyer, G. Scalia, A. Ingargiola, R. Lin, J. E. Millaud, S. Weiss, O. H. W. Siegmund, A. S. Tremsin, J. V. Vallerga, A. Cheng, M. Levi, D. Aharoni, K. Arisaka, F. Villa, F. Guerrieri, F. Panzeri, I. Rech, A. Gulinatti, F. Zappa, M. Ghioni, and S. Cova, “Development of new photon-counting detectors for single-molecule fluorescence microscopy,” \JournalTitlePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, 20120035 (2013).
  16. M.-A. Tétrault, É. D. Lamy, A. Boisvert, C. Thibaudeau, M. Kanoun, F. Dubois, R. Fontaine, and J.-F. Pratte, “Real-Time Discrete SPAD Array Readout Architecture for Time of Flight PET,” \JournalTitleIEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 62, 1077–1082 (2015).
  17. D. Bronzi, F. Villa, S. Tisa, A. Tosi, F. Zappa, D. Durini, S. Weyers, and W. Brockherde, “100,000 Frames/s 64×32 Single-Photon Detector Array for 2-D Imaging and 3-D Ranging,” \JournalTitleIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 20, 354–363 (2014).
  18. M. Vacek, V. Michálek, M. Peca, I. Procházka, and J. Blažej, “Photon counting Lidar for deep space applications: concept and simulator,” \JournalTitlePhoton Counting Applications IV; and Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Transfer and Processing pp. 877309–877309–10 (2013).
  19. L.-C. Liu, L.-Y. Qu, C. Wu, J. Cotler, F. Ma, M.-Y. Zheng, X.-P. Xie, Y.-A. Chen, Q. Zhang, F. Wilczek, and J.-W. Pan, “Improved spatial resolution achieved by chromatic intensity interferometry,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 127, 103601 (2021).
  20. Z.-P. Li, J.-T. Ye, X. Huang, P.-Y. Jiang, Y. Cao, Y. Hong, C. Yu, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, C.-Z. Peng, F. Xu, and J.-W. Pan, “Single-photon imaging over 200 km,” \JournalTitleOptica 8, 344–349 (2021).
  21. S. Cova, M. Ghioni, A. Lacaita, C. Samori, and F. Zappa, “Avalanche photodiodes and quenching circuits for single-photon detection,” \JournalTitleAppl. Opt. 35, 1956–1976 (1996).
  22. X. Tao, S. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Wang, X. Li, X. Tu, X. Jia, Q. Zhao, L. Zhang, L. Kang, and P. Wu, “A high speed and high efficiency superconducting photon number resolving detector,” \JournalTitleSuperconductor Science and Technology 32, 064002 (2019).
  23. E. Schmidt, E. Reutter, M. Schwartz, H. Vural, K. Ilin, M. Jetter, P. Michler, and M. Siegel, “Characterization of a photon-number resolving snspd using poissonian and sub-poissonian light,” \JournalTitleIEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, 1–5 (2019).
  24. K. Banaszek and I. A. Walmsley, “Photon counting with a loop detector,” \JournalTitleOpt. Lett. 28, 52–54 (2003).
  25. M. J. Fitch, B. C. Jacobs, T. B. Pittman, and J. D. Franson, “Photon-number resolution using time-multiplexed single-photon detectors,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 68, 043814 (2003).
  26. J. Sperling, M. Bohmann, W. Vogel, G. Harder, B. Brecht, V. Ansari, and C. Silberhorn, “Uncovering Quantum Correlations with Time-Multiplexed Click Detection,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review Letters 115, 023601 (2015).
  27. L. A. Jiang, E. A. Dauler, and J. T. Chang, “Photon-number-resolving detector with 10 bits of resolution,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 75, 062325 (2007).
  28. D. Chitnis and S. Collins, “A SPAD-Based Photon Detecting System for Optical Communications,” \JournalTitleJournal of Lightwave Technology 32, 2028–2034 (2013).
  29. J. Sperling, W. Vogel, and G. S. Agarwal, “True photocounting statistics of multiple on-off detectors,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 85, 023820 (2012).
  30. A. I. Lvovsky and M. G. Raymer, “Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography,” \JournalTitleReviews of Modern Physics 81, 299–332 (2009).
  31. G. Zambra, A. Andreoni, M. Bondani, M. Gramegna, M. Genovese, G. Brida, A. Rossi, and M. G. A. Paris, “Experimental Reconstruction of Photon Statistics without Photon Counting,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review Letters 95, 063602 (2005).
  32. V. N. Starkov, A. A. Semenov, and H. V. Gomonay, “Numerical reconstruction of photon-number statistics from photocounting statistics: Regularization of an ill-posed problem,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 80, 013813 (2009).
  33. A. A. Semenov, A. V. Turchin, and H. V. Gomonay, “Detection of quantum light in the presence of noise,” \JournalTitlePhysical Review A 78, 055803 (2008).
  34. S. Cova, A. Lacaita, and G. Ripamonti, “Trapping phenomena in avalanche photodiodes on nanosecond scale,” \JournalTitleIEEE Electron Device Letters 12, 685–687 (1991).
  35. A. W. Ziarkash, S. K. Joshi, M. Stipčević, and R. Ursin, “Comparative study of afterpulsing behavior and models in single photon counting avalanche photo diode detectors,” \JournalTitleSci. Rep. 8, 5076 (2018).
  36. I. Straka, J. Grygar, J. Hloušek, and M. Ježek, “Counting statistics of actively quenched spads under continuous illumination,” \JournalTitleJournal of Lightwave Technology 38, 4765–4771 (2020).
  37. J. Hloušek, M. Dudka, I. Straka, and M. Ježek, “Accurate detection of arbitrary photon statistics,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 123, 153604 (2019).
  38. P. Banner, “Photon number reconstruction,” GitHub (2023). https://github.com/pbanner/Photon-Number-Reconstruction/.
  39. M. Ware, A. Migdall, J. C. Bienfang, and S. V. Polyakov, “Calibrating photon-counting detectors to high accuracy: background and deadtime issues,” \JournalTitleJournal of Modern Optics 54, 361–372 (2007).
  40. N. P. Fox, “Trap detectors and their properties,” \JournalTitleMetrologia 28, 197–202 (1991).
  41. D. P. Ornelas-Huerta, A. N. Craddock, E. A. Goldschmidt, A. J. Hachtel, Y. Wang, P. Bienias, A. V. Gorshkov, S. L. Rolston, and J. V. Porto, “On-demand indistinguishable single photons from an efficient and pure source based on a rydberg ensemble,” \JournalTitleOptica 7, 813–819 (2020).
  42. M. Hennrich, A. Kuhn, and G. Rempe, “Transition from antibunching to bunching in cavity qed,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 94, 053604 (2005).
Citations (1)
View on Semantic Scholar

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Sign Up to Summarize

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate All Videos Subscribe on YouTube

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate

Open Problems

We haven't generated a list of open problems mentioned in this paper yet.

Generate Now

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Generate Now

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Sign Up

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 1 tweet with 0 likes about this paper.

Sign Up for Free