Investigation of nonlinear flame response to dual-frequency disturbances

Abstract: The two-way interaction between the unsteady flame heat release rate and acoustic waves can lead to combustion instability within combustors. To understand and quantify the flame response to oncoming acoustic waves, previous studies have typically considered the flame dynamic response to pure tone forcing and assumed a dynamically linear or weakly nonlinear response. In this study, the introduction of excitation with two distinct frequencies denoted $St_1$ and $St_2$ is considered, including the effect of excitation amplitude in order to gain more insight into the nature of flame nonlinearities and their link with combustion instabilities. The investigation considers laminar flames and combines a low-order asymptotic analysis (up to third order in normalised excitation amplitude) with numerical methods based on the model framework of the $G$-equation. The importance of the propagation speed of the disturbance and its variation with frequency on the nonlinear response of the flame is highlighted. The influence path of the disturbance at one of the forcing frequencies, say $St_2$, on the flame dynamic response at the other forcing frequency $St_1$ is studied in detail. In concrete terms, the perturbation at $St_2$ acts in conjunction with the perturbation at $St_1$ to induce third-order nonlinear interactions in the flame kinematics, significantly altering the behavior of the flame response at $St_1$, as compared to the case where the flame is only subjected to the excitation at $St_1$. Particularly, when the normalised forcing amplitudes at the two frequencies are 0.2 and 0.3 respectively, the heat release rate response at the former frequency is attenuated by over 40 \% compared to the single-frequency response. This provides important insights into how nonlinearity due to frequency interactions can act to reduce the flame response.