Doping of large amount tetravalent Ge ions into Fe2O3 structure and experimental results on modified structural, optical and electronic properties

Abstract: We report the doping high concentration of tetravalent Ge4+ ions (5 mol % for x = 0.05 to 30 mol % for x = 0.30) at the Fe3+ sites of Fe2-xGexO3 system by chemical coprecipitation route. The charge state of Fe and Ge ions has been modified into lower values, in addition to their normal +3 and +4 states, to stabilize the rhombohedral phase of hematite ({\alpha}-Fe2O3) structure. X-ray photoelectron spectra and optical band gap measurements indicated a combination of ionic and covalence character of metal-oxygen bonds as an effect of Ge doping in hematite structure. The Ge doped hematite samples have exhibited wide band gap semiconductor properties with band gap 4.50-4.70 eV and remarkably enhanced electrical conductivity ({\sigma} ~ 10-4 S/m) in comparison to {\alpha}-Fe2O3 (10-11 S/m). The thermo-conductivity measurements using warming and cooling modes showed a highly irreversible feature in the semiconductor regime at higher temperatures. Some of the samples indicated metal-like state at lower temperature, in addition to semiconductor state. Our experimental results confirmed the strategy of enhancing electrical conductivity by doping tetravalent ions in hematite structure. It has been understood that combination of ionic and covalence character of the metal-oxygen bonds has played an important role in modifying the semiconductor properties in Ge doped Fe2O3 system.