On intersection of lemniscates of rational functions

Abstract: For a non-constant complex rational function $P$, the lemniscate of $P$ is defined as the set of points $z\in \mathbb C$ such that $\vert P(z)\vert =1$. The lemniscate of $P$ coincides with the set of real points of the algebraic curve given by the equation $L_P(x,y)=0$, where $L_P(x,y)$ is the numerator of the rational function $P(x+iy)\overline{ P}(x-iy)-1.$ In this paper, we study the following two questions: under what conditions two lemniscates have a common component, and under what conditions the algebraic curve $L_P(x,y)=0$ is irreducible. In particular, we provide a sharp bound for the number of complex solutions of the system $\vert P_1(z)\vert =\vert P_2(z)\vert =1$, where $P_1$ and $P_2$ are rational functions.