The [CII] 158 $μ$m emission line as a gas mass tracer in high redshift quiescent galaxies

Abstract: Many efforts have been done in recent years to probe the gas fraction evolution of massive quiescent galaxies (QGs); however, a clear picture has not yet been established. Recent spectroscopic confirmations at z>3 offer the chance to measure the residual gas reservoirs of massive galaxies a few hundreds of Myr after their death and to study how fast quenching proceeds in a highly star-forming Universe. Even so, stringent constraints at z$>$2 remain hardly accessible with ALMA when adopting molecular gas tracers commonly used for the quenched population. In this letter, we propose overcoming this impasse by using the carbon [CII] 158 $\mu$m emission line to systematically probe the gaseous budget of unlensed QGs at z>2.8, when these galaxies could still host non-negligible star formation on an absolute scale and when the line becomes best observable with ALMA (Bands 8 and 7). So far predominantly used for star-forming galaxies, this emission line is the best choice to probe the gas budget of spectroscopically confirmed QGs at $z>3$, reaching 2-4 and 13-30 times deeper than dust continuum (ALMA band 7) and CO(2-1)/(1-0) (VLA K-K$\alpha$ bands), respectively, at fixed integration time. Exploiting archival ALMA observations, we place conservative 3$\sigma$ upper limits on the molecular gas fraction (f${\rm{mol}}=M{\rm{H_2}}/M_{\star}$) of ADF22-QG1 (f${\rm{mol}}$<21%), ZF-COS-20115 (f${\rm{mol}}$<3.2%), two of the best-studied high-z QGs in the literature, and GS-9209 (f${\rm{mol}}$<72%), the most distant massive QG discovered to date. The deep upper limit found for ZF-COS-20115 is 3 times lower than previously anticipated for high-z QGs suggesting, at best, the existence of a large scatter in the f${\rm{mol}}$ distribution of the first QGs. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations of the method and propose ways to mitigate some of them by exploiting ALMA bands 9 and 10.