The Problem of Moments: A Bunch of Classical Results With Some Novelties

Abstract: We summarize significant classical results on (in)determinacy of measures in terms of their finite positive integer order moments. Well-known is the role of the smallest eigenvalues of Hankel matrices, starting from Hamburger's results a century ago and ending with the great progress made only in recent times by C. Berg and collaborators. We describe here known results containing necessary and sufficient conditions for moment (in)determinacy in both Hamburger and Stieltjes moment problems. In our exposition we follow an approach different from that commonly used. There are novelties well complementing the existing theory. Among them are: (a) to emphasize on the geometric interpretation of the indeterminacy conditions; (b) exploit fine properties of the eigenvalues of perturbed symmetric matrices allowing to derive new lower bounds for the smallest eigenvalues of Hankel matrices; these bounds are used for concluding indeterminacy; (c) provide new arguments to confirm classical results; (d) give new numerical illustrations involving commonly used probability distributions.