Weak-field regime of scalar-tensor theories with an instantaneous mode

Abstract: Higher-order scalar-tensor theories having an instantaneous mode do not develop the Ostrogradsky instability even if a seemingly dangerous mode is present. Such theories satisfy only partially the degeneracy conditions that are usually imposed to remove the dangerous mode completely, and are dubbed as U-DHOST theories. We study weak gravitational fields sourced by nonrelativistic matter distributions in U-DHOST theories. In contrast to the case of totally degenerate theories where nonlinear derivative interactions are crucial for exhibiting the Vainshtein mechanism and its partial breaking, we show that in generic U-DHOST theories the linear analysis is sufficient for weak gravitational fields. We identify the subset of U-DHOST theories in which solar system tests are evaded and gravitational waves propagate at the speed of light. Such theories can however be tested with cosmological observations. We also point out that there is a particular case of U-DHOST theories where nonlinear derivative interactions play an important role as in totally degenerate theories. In that case, it is found, however, that the Vainshtein mechanism does not operate and gravitational forces are modified.