Boson stars with nonlinear sigma models

Abstract: Boson stars arise as solutions of a massive complex scalar field coupled to gravity. A variety of scalar potentials, giving rise to different types of boson stars, have been studied in the literature. Here we study instead the effect of promoting the kinetic term of the scalar field to a nonlinear sigma model -- an extension that is naturally motivated by UV completions of gravity like string theory. We consider the $\mathrm{O}(3)$ and $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ sigma models with minimally interacting potentials and obtain their boson star solutions. We study the maximum mass and compactness of the solutions as a function of the curvature of the sigma model and compare the results to the prototypical case of mini boson stars, which are recovered in the case of vanishing curvature. The effect of the curvature turns out to be dramatic. While $\mathrm{O}(3)$ stars are massive and can reach a size as compact as $R\sim 3.3 GM$, $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ stars are much more diffuse and only astrophysically viable if the bosons are ultralight. These results show that the scalar kinetic term is at least as important as the potential in determining the properties of boson stars.