Gauss's form class groups and Shimura's canonical models

Abstract: Let $N$ be a positive integer and $\Gamma$ be a subgroup of $\mathrm{SL}2(\mathbb{Z})$ containing $\Gamma_1(N)$. Let $K$ be an imaginary quadratic field and $\mathcal{O}$ be an order of discriminant $D\mathcal{O}$ in $K$. Under some assumptions, we show that $\Gamma$ induces a form class group of discriminant $D_\mathcal{O}$ (or of order $\mathcal{O}$) and level $N$ if and only if there is a certain canonical model of the modular curve for $\Gamma$ defined over a suitably small number field. In this way we can find an interesting link between two different subjects, which will be useful in the study of certain quadratic Diophantine equations in terms of primes $p$.