Stellar populations and origin of thick disks in AURIGA simulations

Abstract: The origin of thick disks and their evolutionary connection with thin disks are still a matter of debate. We provide new insights into this topic by connecting the stellar populations of thick disks at redshift $z=0$ with their past formation and growth, in 24 Milky Way-mass galaxies from the AURIGA zoom-in cosmological simulations. We projected each galaxy edge on, and decomposed it morphologically into two disk components, in order to define geometrically the thin and the thick disks as usually done in observations. We produced age, metallicity and [Mg/Fe] edge-on maps. We quantified the impact of satellite mergers by mapping the distribution of ex-situ stars. Thick disks are on average $\sim 3$~Gyr older, $\sim 0.25$~dex more metal poor and $\sim 0.06$~dex more [Mg/Fe]-enhanced than thin disks. Their average ages range from $\sim 6$ to $\sim 9$~Gyr, metallicities from $\sim -0.15$ to $\sim 0.1$~dex, and [Mg/Fe] from $\sim 0.12$ to $\sim 0.16$~dex. These properties are the result of an early initial in-situ formation, followed by a later growth driven by the combination of direct accretion of stars, some in-situ star formation fueled by mergers, and dynamical heating of stars. The balance between these processes varies from galaxy to galaxy. Mergers play a key role in the mass assembly of thick disks, contributing an average accreted mass fraction of $\sim 22$\% in the analyzed thick-disk dominated regions. In two galaxies, about half of the geometric thick-disk mass was directly accreted. While primordial thick disks form at high redshift in all galaxies, young metal-rich thin disks, with much lower [Mg/Fe] abundances, start to form later but at different times (higher or lower redshift) depending on the galaxy. We conclude that thick disks result from the interplay of external processes with the internal evolution of the galaxy.