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Can IKEA effect promote empathy for agents?
Published 19 Dec 2023 in cs.HC | (2312.11781v2)
Abstract: Cooperative relationships between humans and agents are becoming more important for the social coexistence of anthropomorphic agents, including virtual agents and robots. One way to improve the relationship between humans and agents is for humans to empathize with the agents. Empathy can help humans become more accepting of agents. In this study, we focus on the IKEA effect in creating agents and investigate human empathy toward agents through relationships with others in the same space. For this reason, this study used a robot assembly task in which two participants cooperatively build the same robot or individually their own robot. We conducted experiments to examine the relationship between participants, the IKEA effect in creating an agent, and the influence of the empathy object on human empathy. The results showed that the IKEA effect promoted empathy toward the agent regardless of the relationship between participants. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in empathy from one participant to another before and after the task. These results indicate that regardless of the relationship between participants in the same space, the creation of an agent can promote empathy toward the agent.
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Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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[2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Hallamaa, J., Kalliokoski, T.: Ai ethics as applied ethics. Frontiers in Computer Science 4 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2022.776837 Wirtz and Pitardi [2023] Wirtz, J., Pitardi, V.: How intelligent automation, service robots, and ai will reshape service products and their delivery. Italian Journal of Marketing 2023(3), 289–300 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-023-00076-1 Kumar et al. [2023] Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wirtz, J., Pitardi, V.: How intelligent automation, service robots, and ai will reshape service products and their delivery. Italian Journal of Marketing 2023(3), 289–300 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-023-00076-1 Kumar et al. [2023] Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. 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[2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. 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In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. 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[2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Hallamaa, J., Kalliokoski, T.: Ai ethics as applied ethics. Frontiers in Computer Science 4 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2022.776837 Wirtz and Pitardi [2023] Wirtz, J., Pitardi, V.: How intelligent automation, service robots, and ai will reshape service products and their delivery. Italian Journal of Marketing 2023(3), 289–300 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-023-00076-1 Kumar et al. [2023] Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wirtz, J., Pitardi, V.: How intelligent automation, service robots, and ai will reshape service products and their delivery. Italian Journal of Marketing 2023(3), 289–300 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-023-00076-1 Kumar et al. [2023] Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. 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[2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. 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[2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wirtz, J., Pitardi, V.: How intelligent automation, service robots, and ai will reshape service products and their delivery. Italian Journal of Marketing 2023(3), 289–300 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-023-00076-1 Kumar et al. [2023] Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., Awasthi, L.K.: Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review, ethics, trust challenges & future research directions. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 120, 105894 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105894 Spitale et al. [2022] Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. 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[2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spitale, M., Okamoto, S., Gupta, M., Xi, H., Matarić, M.J.: Socially assistive robots as storytellers that elicit empathy. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 11(4) (2022) https://doi.org/10.1145/3538409 Johanson et al. [2023] Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. 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[2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. 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[2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. 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In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. 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International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Johanson, D., Ahn, H.S., Goswami, R., Saegusa, K., Broadbent, E.: The effects of healthcare robot empathy statements and head nodding on trust and satisfaction: A video study. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 12(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.1145/3549534 Nomura et al. [2008] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. 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In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. 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[2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Prediction of human behavior in human–robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 24(2), 442–451 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2007.914004 Nomura et al. [2016] Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. 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[2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., Yamada, S.: Why do children abuse robots? Interaction Studies 17(3), 347–369 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.02nom M. [1970] M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. 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[2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 M., M.: Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. (1970). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370013168736887425 Thepsoonthorn et al. [2021] Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Thepsoonthorn, C., Ogawa, K.-i., Miyake, Y.: The exploration of the uncanny valley from the viewpoint of the robot’s nonverbal behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13(6), 1443–1455 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00726-w Mahmud et al. [2022] Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Mahmud, H., Islam, A.K.M.N., Ahmed, S.I., Smolander, K.: What influences algorithmic decision-making? a systematic literature review on algorithm aversion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175, 121390 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121390 Filiz et al. [2023] Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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[2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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(2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Filiz, I., Judek, J.R., Lorenz, M., Spiwoks, M.: The extent of algorithm aversion in decision-making situations with varying gravity. PLOS ONE 18(2), 1–21 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278751 Tsumura and Yamada [2022] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Agents facilitate one category of human empathy through task difficulty. In: 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 22–28 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900686 Tsumura and Yamada [2023a] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of agent’s self-disclosure on human empathy. PLOS ONE 18(5), 1–24 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283955 Tsumura and Yamada [2023b] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. 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In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Influence of anthropomorphic agent on human empathy through games. IEEE Access 11, 40412–40429 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269301 Shaffer et al. [2019] Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Shaffer, V.A., Bohanek, J., Focella, E.S., Horstman, H., Saffran, L.: Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors. PLOS ONE 14(10), 1–16 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046 Norton et al. [2012] Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. 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In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Norton, M.I., Mochon, D., Ariely, D.: The ikea effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(3), 453–460 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002 Gaesser [2013] Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. 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UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Gaesser, B.: Constructing memory, imagination, and empathy: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 576 (2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00576 Klimecki et al. [2016] Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. 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In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Klimecki, O.M., Mayer, S.V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff , J., Schönenberg, M.: Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports 6(1), 31961 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 Omdahl [1995] Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Omdahl, B.L.: Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, 1st edn. Psychology Press, New York (1995). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806556 Preston and de Waal [2002] Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. 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[2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. 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[2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Preston, S.D., Waal, F.B.M.: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1), 1–20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018 Kozakevich Arbel et al. [2021] Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Kozakevich Arbel, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Hertz, U.: Adaptive empathy: Empathic response selection as a dynamic, feedback-based learning process. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706474 Bloom [2016] Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bloom, P.: Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. HarperCollins, ??? (2016) Davis and Davis [1980] Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Davis, M.H., Davis, M.H.: A multidimensional approach to individual difference in empathy. In: JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, p. 85 (1980) Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright [2004] Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S.: The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2), 163–175 (2004) Lawrence et al. [2004] Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Lawrence, E.J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-cohen, S., David, A.S.: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine 34(5), 911–920 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624 van Loon et al. [2018] Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., Willer, R.: Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLOS ONE 13(8), 1–19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442 Herrera et al. [2018] Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., Zaki, J.: Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLOS ONE 13(10), 1–37 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494 Tassinari et al. [2022] Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. 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In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Tassinari, M., Aulbach, M.B., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.: Investigating the influence of intergroup contact in virtual reality on empathy: An exploratory study using altspacevr. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815497 Crone and Kallen [2022] Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Crone, C.L., Kallen, R.W.: Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in stem hiring decisions. PLOS ONE 17(6), 1–35 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430 Bennett and Rosner [2019] Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Bennett, C.L., Rosner, D.K.: The promise of empathy: Design, disability, and knowing the ”other”. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300528 Rahmanti et al. [2022] Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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[2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Rahmanti, A.R., Yang, H.-C., Bintoro, B.S., Nursetyo, A.A., Muhtar, M.S., Syed-Abdul, S., Li, Y.-C.J.: Slimme, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: System design and finding. Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 Drouet et al. [2022] Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Drouet, L., Bongard-Blanchy, K., Koenig, V., Lallemand, C.: Empathy in design scale: Development and initial insights. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’22, pp. 1–7. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519848 Al Farisi et al. [2022] Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Al Farisi, R., Ferdiana, R., Adji, T.B.: The effect of anthropomorphic design cues on increasing chatbot empathy. In: 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT), pp. 370–375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISIT54091.2022.9873008 Yamada and Komatsu [2006] Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Yamada, S., Komatsu, T.: Designing simple and effective expression of robot’s primitive minds to a human. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2614–2619 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2006.281940 Asada [2015] Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. 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Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Asada, M.: Towards artificial empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1), 19–33 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0253-z Fraune [2020] Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Fraune, M.R.: Our robots, our team: Robot anthropomorphism moderates group effects in human–robot teams. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01275 Park and Whang [2022] Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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[2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Park, S., Whang, M.: Empathy in human-robot interaction: Designing for social robots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3) (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031889 Leite et al. [2014] Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. 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In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. 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[2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. 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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Leite, I., Castellano, G., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A.: Empathic robots for long-term interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics (2014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0227-1 Chen and Wang [2019] Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Chen, J., Wang, C.: Reaching cooperation using emerging empathy and counter-empathy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, pp. 746–753. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC (2019) Perugia et al. [2020] Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Perugia, G., Paetzel, M., Castellano, G.: On the role of personality and empathy in human-human, human-agent, and human-robot mimicry. In: Wagner, A.R., Feil-Seifer, D., Haring, K.S., Rossi, S., Williams, T., He, H., Sam Ge, S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 120–131. Springer, Cham (2020) Parmar et al. [2022] Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Parmar, D., Olafsson, S., Utami, D., Murali, P., Bickmore, T.: Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation, voice, rendering, and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36(1), 17 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09539-1 Tsumura and Yamada [2024] Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Tsumura, T., Yamada, S.: Improving of robotic virtual agent’s errors accepted by agent’s reaction and human’s preference. In: Ali, A.A., Cabibihan, J.-J., Meskin, N., Rossi, S., Jiang, W., He, H., Ge, S.S. (eds.) Social Robotics, pp. 294–307. Springer, Singapore (2024) Paiva et al. [2017] Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., Wachsmuth, I.: Empathy in virtual agents and robots: A survey. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 7(3) (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/2912150 Sun and Sundar [2016] Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Sun, Y., Sundar, S.S.: Psychological importance of human agency how self-assembly affects user experience of robots. In: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451751 Marsh et al. [2018] Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. 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In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. 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[2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. 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[2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. 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[2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Marsh, L.E., Kanngiesser, P., Hood, B.: When and how does labour lead to love? the ontogeny and mechanisms of the ikea effect. Cognition 170, 245–253 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.012 Wald et al. [2021] Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Wald, R., Heijselaar, E., Bosse, T.: Make your own: The potential of chatbot customization for the development of user trust. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. UMAP ’21, pp. 382–387. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3450614.3463600 Aeschlimann et al. [2020] Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Aeschlimann, S., Bleiker, M., Wechner, M., Gampe, A.: Communicative and social consequences of interactions with voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 112, 106466 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466 Pauw et al. [2022] Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Pauw, L.S., Sauter, D.A., van Kleef, G.A., Lucas, G.M., Gratch, J., Fischer, A.H.: The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 136, 107368 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 Spaccatini et al. [2023] Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Spaccatini, F., Corlito, G., Sacchi, S.: New dyads? the effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107821 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107821 Centeio Jorge et al. [2023] Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Centeio Jorge, C., Bouman, N.H., Jonker, C.M., Tielman, M.L.: Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1143723 Faul et al. [2007] Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2), 175–191 (2007) https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
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