Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Source-independent quantum random number generators with integrated silicon photonics

Published 28 Dec 2023 in quant-ph | (2312.17011v1)

Abstract: Random numbers play a crucial role in numerous scientific applications. Source-independent quantum random number generators (SI-QRNGs) can offer true randomness by leveraging the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, eliminating the need for a trusted source. Silicon photonics shows great promise for QRNG due to its benefits in miniaturization, cost-effective device manufacturing, and compatibility with CMOS microelectronics. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate a silicon-based discrete variable SI-QRNG. Using a well-calibrated chip and an optimized parameter strategy, we achieve a record-breaking random number generation rate of 7.9 Mbits/s. Our research paves the way for integrated SI-QRNGs.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (59)
  1. M. Herrero-Collantes and J. C. Garcia-Escartin, “Quantum random number generators,” \JournalTitleRev. Mod. Phys. 89, 015004 (2017).
  2. F. James, “A review of pseudorandom number generators,” \JournalTitleComputer Physics Communications 60, 329–344 (1990).
  3. C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing,” \JournalTitleProceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing 175 (1984).
  4. F. Xu, X. Ma, Q. Zhang, H.-K. Lo, and J.-W. Pan, “Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices,” \JournalTitleRev. Mod. Phys. 92, 025002 (2020).
  5. A. Acín and L. Masanes, “Certified randomness in quantum physics,” \JournalTitleNature 540, 213–219 (2016).
  6. X. Ma, X. Yuan, Z. Cao, B. Qi, and Z. Zhang, “Quantum random number generation,” \JournalTitlenpj Quantum Information 2 (2016).
  7. V. Mannalath, S. Mishra, and A. Pathak, “A comprehensive review of quantum random number generators: Concepts, classification and the origin of randomness,” \JournalTitlearXiv preprint arXiv:2203.00261 (2022).
  8. J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, postprocessing free, quantum random number generator,” \JournalTitleApplied Physics Letters 93, 031109 (2008).
  9. Y.-Q. Nie, H.-F. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Ma, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, “Practical and fast quantum random number generation based on photon arrival time relative to external reference,” \JournalTitleApplied Physics Letters 104, 051110 (2014).
  10. H. Guo, W. Tang, Y. Liu, and W. Wei, “Truly random number generation based on measurement of phase noise of a laser,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. E 81, 051137 (2010).
  11. F. Xu, B. Qi, X. Ma, H. Xu, H. Zheng, and H.-K. Lo, “Ultrafast quantum random number generation based on quantum phase fluctuations,” \JournalTitleOpt. Express 20, 12366–12377 (2012).
  12. W. Lei, Z. Xie, Y. Li, J. Fang, and W. Shen, “An 8.4 gbps real-time quantum random number generator based on quantum phase fluctuation,” \JournalTitleQuantum Information Processing 19, 1–12 (2020).
  13. C. Gabriel, C. Wittmann, D. Sych, R. Dong, W. Mauerer, U. L. Andersen, C. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, “A generator for unique quantum random numbers based on vacuum states,” \JournalTitleNature Photonics 4, 711–715 (2010).
  14. Q. Zhou, R. Valivarthi, C. John, and W. Tittel, “Practical quantum random-number generation based on sampling vacuum fluctuations,” \JournalTitleQuantum Engineering 1, e8 (2019). E8 QUE-2019-0003.R1.
  15. Y.-Q. Nie, L. Huang, Y. Liu, F. Payne, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, “The generation of 68 Gbps quantum random number by measuring laser phase fluctuations,” \JournalTitleReview of Scientific Instruments 86, 063105 (2015).
  16. Y. Guo, Q. Cai, P. Li, Z. Jia, B. Xu, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, R. Zhang, Z. Gao, K. A. Shore, and Y. Wang, “40 Gb/s quantum random number generation based on optically sampled amplified spontaneous emission,” \JournalTitleAPL Photonics 6, 066105 (2021).
  17. T. Gehring, C. Lupo, A. Kordts, D. Solar Nikolic, N. Jain, T. Rydberg, T. B. Pedersen, S. Pirandola, and U. L. Andersen, “Homodyne-based quantum random number generator at 2.9 gbps secure against quantum side-information,” \JournalTitleNature Communications 12, 605 (2021).
  18. S. Pironio, A. Acín, S. Massar, A. B. de La Giroday, D. N. Matsukevich, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, D. Hayes, L. Luo, T. A. Manning et al., “Random numbers certified by bell’s theorem,” \JournalTitleNature 464, 1021–1024 (2010).
  19. P. Bierhorst, E. Knill, S. Glancy, Y. Zhang, A. Mink, S. Jordan, A. Rommal, Y.-K. Liu, B. Christensen, S. W. Nam et al., “Experimentally generated randomness certified by the impossibility of superluminal signals,” \JournalTitleNature 556, 223–226 (2018).
  20. Y. Liu, Q. Zhao, M. H. Li, J. Y. Guan, Y. Zhang, B. Bai, W. Zhang, W. Z. Liu, C. Wu, X. Yuan, H. Li, W. J. Munro, Z. Wang, L. You, J. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Device-independent quantum random-number generation,” \JournalTitleNature 562, 548–551 (2018).
  21. Y. Zhang, L. K. Shalm, J. C. Bienfang, M. J. Stevens, M. D. Mazurek, S. W. Nam, C. Abellán, W. Amaya, M. W. Mitchell, H. Fu, C. A. Miller, A. Mink, and E. Knill, “Experimental low-latency device-independent quantum randomness,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 124, 010505 (2020).
  22. L. K. Shalm, Y. Zhang, J. C. Bienfang, C. Schlager, M. J. Stevens, M. D. Mazurek, C. Abellán, W. Amaya, M. W. Mitchell, M. A. Alhejji et al., “Device-independent randomness expansion with entangled photons,” \JournalTitleNature Physics 17, 452–456 (2021).
  23. Y.-Q. Nie, J.-Y. Guan, H. Zhou, Q. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, “Experimental measurement-device-independent quantum random-number generation,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. A 94, 060301 (2016).
  24. P. Mironowicz, G. Cañas, J. Cariñe, E. S. Gómez, J. F. Barra, A. Cabello, G. B. Xavier, G. Lima, and M. Pawłowski, “Quantum randomness protected against detection loophole attacks,” \JournalTitleQuantum Information Processing 20, 1–20 (2021).
  25. D. Drahi, N. Walk, M. J. Hoban, A. K. Fedorov, R. Shakhovoy, A. Feimov, Y. Kurochkin, W. S. Kolthammer, J. Nunn, J. Barrett, and I. A. Walmsley, “Certified quantum random numbers from untrusted light,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. X 10, 041048 (2020).
  26. J. Cheng, J. Qin, S. Liang, J. Li, Z. Yan, X. Jia, and K. Peng, “Mutually testing source-device-independent quantum random number generator,” \JournalTitlePhoton. Res. 10, 646–652 (2022).
  27. J. Zhang, R. Yang, X. Li, C.-W. Sun, Y.-C. Liu, Y. Wei, J.-C. Duan, Z. Xie, Y.-X. Gong, and S. N. Zhu, “Realization of a source-device-independent quantum random number generator secured by nonlocal dispersion cancellation,” \JournalTitleAdvanced Photonics 5, 036003 (2023).
  28. G. Vallone, D. G. Marangon, M. Tomasin, and P. Villoresi, “Quantum randomness certified by the uncertainty principle,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. A 90, 052327 (2014).
  29. Z. Cao, H. Zhou, X. Yuan, and X. Ma, “Source-independent quantum random number generation,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. X 6, 011020 (2016).
  30. Y.-H. Li, X. Han, Y. Cao, X. Yuan, Z.-P. Li, J.-Y. Guan, J. Yin, Q. Zhang, X. Ma, C.-Z. Peng et al., “Quantum random number generation with uncharacterized laser and sunlight,” \JournalTitlenpj Quantum Information 5, 97 (2019).
  31. D. G. Marangon, G. Vallone, and P. Villoresi, “Source-device-independent ultrafast quantum random number generation,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 118, 060503 (2017).
  32. M. Avesani, D. G. Marangon, G. Vallone, and P. Villoresi, “Source-device-independent heterodyne-based quantum random number generator at 17 gbps,” \JournalTitleNature communications 9, 5365 (2018).
  33. B. Xu, Z. Chen, Z. Li, J. Yang, Q. Su, W. Huang, Y. Zhang, and H. Guo, “High speed continuous variable source-independent quantum random number generation,” \JournalTitleQuantum Science and Technology 4, 025013 (2019).
  34. D. Ma, Y. Wang, and K. Wei, “Practical source-independent quantum random number generation with detector efficiency mismatch,” \JournalTitleQuantum Information Processing 19, 1–16 (2020).
  35. X. Lin, S. Wang, Z.-Q. Yin, G.-J. Fan-Yuan, R. Wang, W. Chen, D.-Y. He, Z. Zhou, G.-C. Guo, and Z.-F. Han, “Security analysis and improvement of source independent quantum random number generators with imperfect devices,” \JournalTitlenpj Quantum Information 6, 100 (2020).
  36. X. Lin, R. Wang, S. Wang, Z.-Q. Yin, W. Chen, D.-Y. He, Z. Zhou, G.-C. Guo, and Z.-F. Han, “Imperfection-insensitivity quantum random number generator with untrusted daily illumination,” \JournalTitleOpt. Express 30, 25474–25485 (2022).
  37. W.-B. Liu, Y.-S. Lu, Y. Fu, S.-C. Huang, Z.-J. Yin, K. Jiang, H.-L. Yin, and Z.-B. Chen, “Source-independent quantum random number generator against tailored detector blinding attacks,” \JournalTitleOpt. Express 31, 11292–11307 (2023).
  38. X. Lin, R. Wang, S. Wang, Z.-Q. Yin, W. Chen, G.-C. Guo, and Z.-F. Han, “Certified randomness from untrusted sources and uncharacterized measurements,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Lett. 129, 050506 (2022).
  39. C. Abellan, W. Amaya, D. Domenech, P. M. noz, J. Capmany, S. Longhi, M. W. Mitchell, and V. Pruneri, “Quantum entropy source on an inp photonic integrated circuit for random number generation,” \JournalTitleOptica 3, 989–994 (2016).
  40. F. Raffaelli, P. Sibson, J. E. Kennard, D. H. Mahler, M. G. Thompson, and J. C. F. Matthews, “Generation of random numbers by measuring phase fluctuations from a laser diode with a silicon-on-insulator chip,” \JournalTitleOpt. Express 26, 19730–19741 (2018).
  41. F. Raffaelli, G. Ferranti, D. H. Mahler, P. Sibson, J. E. Kennard, A. Santamato, G. Sinclair, D. Bonneau, M. G. Thompson, and J. C. F. Matthews, “A homodyne detector integrated onto a photonic chip for measuring quantum states and generating random numbers,” \JournalTitleQuantum Science and Technology 3, 025003 (2018).
  42. T. Roger, T. Paraiso, I. D. Marco, D. G. Marangon, Z. Yuan, and A. J. Shields, “Real-time interferometric quantum random number generation on chip,” \JournalTitleJ. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, B137–B142 (2019).
  43. F. Acerbi, N. Massari, L. Gasparini, A. Tomasi, N. Zorzi, G. Fontana, L. Pavesi, and A. Gola, “Structures and methods for fully-integrated quantum random number generators,” \JournalTitleIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 26, 1–8 (2020).
  44. F. Regazzoni, E. Amri, S. Burri, D. Rusca, H. Zbinden, and E. Charbon, “A high speed integrated quantum random number generator with on-chip real-time randomness extraction,” (2021).
  45. B. Bai, J. Huang, G.-R. Qiao, Y.-Q. Nie, W. Tang, T. Chu, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, “18.8 Gbps real-time quantum random number generator with a photonic integrated chip,” \JournalTitleApplied Physics Letters 118, 264001 (2021).
  46. C. Bruynsteen, T. Gehring, C. Lupo, J. Bauwelinck, and X. Yin, “100-gbit/s integrated quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuations,” \JournalTitlePRX Quantum 4, 010330 (2023).
  47. T. Bertapelle, M. Avesani, A. Santamato, A. Montanaro, M. Chiesa, D. Rotta, M. Artiglia, V. Sorianello, F. Testa, G. D. Angelis, G. Contestabile, G. Vallone, M. Romagnoli, and P. Villoresi, “High-speed source-device-independent quantum random number generator on a chip,” (2023).
  48. C.-H. F. Fung, X. Ma, and H. F. Chau, “Practical issues in quantum-key-distribution postprocessing,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. A 81, 012318 (2010).
  49. Y. Mansour, N. Nisan, and P. Tiwari, “The computational complexity of universal hashing,” \JournalTitleTheoretical Computer Science 107, 121–133 (1993).
  50. X. Ma, C.-H. F. Fung, J.-C. Boileau, and H. Chau, “Universally composable and customizable post-processing for practical quantum key distribution,” \JournalTitleComputers Security 30, 172–177 (2011).
  51. D. Chen, X. Xiao, L. Wang, W. Liu, Q. Yang, and S. Yu, “Highly efficient silicon optical polarization rotators based on mode order conversions,” \JournalTitleOpt. Lett. 41, 1070–1073 (2016).
  52. Y. Du, X. Zhu, X. Hua, Z. Zhao, X. Hu, Y. Qian, X. Xiao, and K. Wei, “Silicon-based decoder for polarization-encoding quantum key distribution,” \JournalTitleChip 2 (2023).
  53. K. Wei, X. Hu, Y. Du, X. Hua, Z. Zhao, Y. Chen, C. Huang, and X. Xiao, “Resource-efficient quantum key distribution with integrated silicon photonics,” \JournalTitlePhoton. Res. 11, 1364–1372 (2023).
  54. Y. Xue, W. Chen, S. Wang, Z. Yin, L. Shi, and Z. Han, “Airborne quantum key distribution: a review,” \JournalTitleChin. Opt. Lett. 19, 122702 (2021).
  55. J. Münzberg, A. Vetter, F. Beutel, W. Hartmann, S. Ferrari, W. H. P. Pernice, and C. Rockstuhl, “Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector implemented in a 2d photonic crystal cavity,” \JournalTitleOptica 5, 658–665 (2018).
  56. W. Zhang, J. Huang, C. Zhang, L. You, C. Lv, L. Zhang, H. Li, Z. Wang, and X. Xie, “A 16-pixel interleaved superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array with a maximum count rate exceeding 1.5 ghz,” \JournalTitleIEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, 1–4 (2019).
  57. N. J. D. Martinez, M. Gehl, C. T. Derose, A. L. Starbuck, A. T. Pomerene, A. L. Lentine, D. C. Trotter, and P. S. Davids, “Single photon detection in a waveguide-coupled ge-on-si lateral avalanche photodiode,” \JournalTitleOpt. Express 25, 16130–16139 (2017).
  58. P. Vines, K. Kuzmenko, J. Kirdoda, D. C. S. Dumas, M. M. Mirza, R. W. Millar, D. J. Paul, and G. S. Buller, “High performance planar germanium-on-silicon single-photon avalanche diode detectors,” \JournalTitleNat Commun 10, 1086 (2019).
  59. G.-J. Fan-Yuan, S. Wang, Z.-Q. Yin, W. Chen, D.-Y. He, Z.-F. Han, and G.-C. Guo, “Modeling alignment error in quantum key distribution based on a weak coherent source,” \JournalTitlePhys. Rev. Appl. 12, 064044 (2019).
Citations (2)

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Open Problems

We haven't generated a list of open problems mentioned in this paper yet.

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 1 tweet with 1 like about this paper.