Elusive hot stripped helium stars in the Galaxy I. Evolutionary stellar models in the gap between subdwarfs and Wolf-Rayet stars

Abstract: Stellar evolution theory predicts the existence of He-core remnants of the primary components of intermediate-mass close binaries that lost most of their H/He envelopes due to the mass exchange. They are expected to be observed as (1-7) solar mass hot He-rich stars located in the HRD between sdO/B and WR-stars. Several thousands of such stars are expected to exist in the Galaxy, but none of them have been identified so far. We aim to provide comprehensive predictions of the numbers and fundamental properties of He-stars and their companions in the Galaxy. This is a necessary first step to guide observations, to enable a comparison between evolutionary models and observed populations, and to determine the feedback of He-stars in the Galaxy. We expanded the previously considered space of parameters describing progenitors of He-stars and applied a population synthesis based on a grid of models computed by the code MESA. The estimated number of Galactic binaries hosting (1-7) solar mass He-stars is about 20000; it declines to about 3000 for mass exceeding two solar ones. The decisive factor that defines the number of He-stars is runaway mass loss after Roche lobe overflow by primary components, resulting in formation of common envelopes and merger of components. He-stars are much less numerous than expected, since a fraction of close binaries with primary masses below (5-7) solar ones produce subdwarfs with masses below solar. Overwhelming majority of He-stars reside in binaries with an early-type companions and can be identified neither by the UV excess nor by emission features. The large periods of a significant fraction of binaries hosting stripped stars (exceeding several hundred days) also hamper their discovery. (Abridged).