Skyrmion Qubits: Challenges For Future Quantum Computing Applications
Abstract: Magnetic nano-skyrmions develop quantized helicity excitations, and the quantum tunneling between nano-skyrmions possessing distinct helicities is indicative of the quantum nature of these particles. Experimental methods capable of non-destructively resolving the quantum aspects of topological spin textures, their local dynamical response, and their functionality now promise practical device architectures for quantum operations. With abilities to measure, engineer, and control matter at the atomic level, nano-skyrmions present opportunities to translate ideas into solid-state technologies. Proof-of-concept devices will offer electrical control over the helicity, opening a promising new pathway towards functionalizing collective spin states for the realization of a quantum computer based on skyrmions. This Perspective aims to discuss developments and challenges in this new research avenue in quantum magnetism and quantum information.
- M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
- Y. Alexeev, D. Bacon, K. R. Brown, R. Calderbank, L. D. Carr, F. T. Chong, B. DeMarco, D. Englund, E. Farhi, B. Fefferman, A. V. Gorshkov, A. Houck, J. Kim, S. Kimmel, M. Lange, S. Lloyd, M. D. Lukin, D. Maslov, P. Maunz, C. Monroe, J. Preskill, M. Roetteler, M. J. Savage, and J. Thompson, “Quantum computer systems for scientific discovery,” PRX Quantum 2, 017001 (2021).
- C. Psaroudaki and C. Panagopoulos, “Skyrmion qubits: A new class of quantum logic elements based on nanoscale magnetization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 067201 (2021).
- A. Fert, N. Reyren, and V. Cros, “Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications,” Nature Reviews Materials 2, 17031 (2017).
- Y. Tokura and N. Kanazawa, “Magnetic skyrmion materials,” Chemical Reviews 121, 2857–2897 (2021a), pMID: 33164494.
- A. Fert, V. Cros, and J. Sampaio, “Skyrmions on the track,” Nature Nanotechnology 8, 152–156 (2013).
- D. Pinna, F. Abreu Araujo, J.-V. Kim, V. Cros, D. Querlioz, P. Bessiere, J. Droulez, and J. Grollier, “Skyrmion gas manipulation for probabilistic computing,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 064018 (2018).
- K. M. Song, J.-S. Jeong, B. Pan, X. Zhang, J. Xia, S. Cha, T.-E. Park, K. Kim, S. Finizio, J. Raabe, J. Chang, Y. Zhou, W. Zhao, W. Kang, H. Ju, and S. Woo, “Skyrmion-based artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing,” Nature Electronics 3, 148–155 (2020).
- T. Kurumaji, T. Nakajima, M. Hirschberger, A. Kikkawa, Y. Yamasaki, H. Sagayama, H. Nakao, Y. Taguchi, T. hisa Arima, and Y. Tokura, “Skyrmion lattice with a giant topological hall effect in a frustrated triangular-lattice magnet,” Science 365, 914–918 (2019).
- C. Psaroudaki, S. Hoffman, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, “Quantum dynamics of skyrmions in chiral magnets,” Phys. Rev. X 7, 041045 (2017).
- R. Takashima, H. Ishizuka, and L. Balents, “Quantum skyrmions in two-dimensional chiral magnets,” Phys. Rev. B 94, 134415 (2016).
- R. Wieser, “Self-consistent mean field theory studies of the thermodynamics and quantum spin dynamics of magnetic skyrmions,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 29, 175803 (2017).
- S.-Z. Lin and L. N. Bulaevskii, “Quantum motion and level quantization of a skyrmion in a pinning potential in chiral magnets,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 060404 (2013).
- A. Mook, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, “Quantum damping of skyrmion crystal eigenmodes due to spontaneous quasiparticle decay,” Phys. Rev. Research 2, 033491 (2020).
- A. Roldán-Molina, M. J. Santander, A. S. Nunez, and J. Fernández-Rossier, “Quantum fluctuations stabilize skyrmion textures,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 245436 (2015).
- A. Derras-Chouk, E. M. Chudnovsky, and D. A. Garanin, “Quantum states of a skyrmion in a two-dimensional antiferromagnet,” Phys. Rev. B 103, 224423 (2021).
- A. Derras-Chouk, E. M. Chudnovsky, and D. A. Garanin, “Quantum collapse of a magnetic skyrmion,” Phys. Rev. B 98, 024423 (2018).
- C. Psaroudaki and D. Loss, ‘‘Quantum depinning of a magnetic skyrmion,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 097202 (2020).
- S. M. Vlasov, P. F. Bessarab, I. S. Lobanov, M. N. Potkina, V. M. Uzdin, and H. Jónsson, “Magnetic skyrmion annihilation by quantum mechanical tunneling,” New Journal of Physics 22, 083013 (2020).
- S. A. Díaz and D. P. Arovas, ‘‘Quantum nucleation of skyrmions in magnetic films by inhomogeneous fields,” in Memorial Volume for Shoucheng Zhang (2022) Chap. Chapter 2, pp. 19–33.
- O. M. Sotnikov, V. V. Mazurenko, J. Colbois, F. Mila, M. I. Katsnelson, and E. A. Stepanov, “Probing the topology of the quantum analog of a classical skyrmion,” Phys. Rev. B 103, L060404 (2021).
- K. Mæland and A. Sudbø, “Quantum fluctuations in the order parameter of quantum skyrmion crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 105, 224416 (2022a).
- P. Siegl, E. Y. Vedmedenko, M. Stier, M. Thorwart, and T. Posske, “Controlled creation of quantum skyrmions,” Phys. Rev. Research 4, 023111 (2022).
- V. Lohani, C. Hickey, J. Masell, and A. Rosch, “Quantum skyrmions in frustrated ferromagnets,” Phys. Rev. X 9, 041063 (2019).
- K. Mæland and A. Sudbø, “Quantum topological phase transitions in skyrmion crystals,” Phys. Rev. Research 4, L032025 (2022b).
- H. Yuan, Y. Cao, A. Kamra, R. A. Duine, and P. Yan, “Quantum magnonics: When magnon spintronics meets quantum information science,” Physics Reports 965, 1–74 (2022), quantum magnonics: When magnon spintronics meets quantum information science.
- D. Rugar, R. Budakian, H. J. Mamin, and B. W. Chui, “Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy,” Nature 430, 329–332 (2004).
- D. Lachance-Quirion, S. P. Wolski, Y. Tabuchi, S. Kono, K. Usami, and Y. Nakamura, “Entanglement-based single-shot detection of a single magnon with a superconducting qubit,” Science 367, 425–428 (2020).
- D. P. DiVincenzo, “The physical implementation of quantum computation,” Fortschritte der Physik 48, 771–783 (2000).
- J. Clarke and F. K. Wilhelm, “Superconducting quantum bits,” Nature 453, 1031–1042 (2008).
- C. Psaroudaki and C. Panagopoulos, “Skyrmion helicity: Quantization and quantum tunneling effects,” Phys. Rev. B 106, 104422 (2022).
- Y. Tokura and N. Kanazawa, “Magnetic skyrmion materials,” Chemical Reviews 121, 2857–2897 (2021b), pMID: 33164494.
- C. D. Batista, S.-Z. Lin, S. Hayami, and Y. Kamiya, “Frustration and chiral orderings in correlated electron systems,” Rep Prog Phys 79, 084504 (2016).
- H. Vakili, J.-W. Xu, W. Zhou, M. N. Sakib, M. G. Morshed, T. Hartnett, Y. Quessab, K. Litzius, C. T. Ma, S. Ganguly, M. R. Stan, P. V. Balachandran, G. S. D. Beach, S. J. Poon, A. D. Kent, and A. W. Ghosh, “Skyrmionics—computing and memory technologies based on topological excitations in magnets,” Journal of Applied Physics 130, 070908 (2021).
- G. Finocchio and C. Panagopoulos, eds., Magnetic Skyrmions and Their Applications, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials (Woodhead Publishing, 2021) p. xvii.
- N. Papanicolaou and T. Tomaras, “Dynamics of magnetic vortices,” Nuclear Physics B 360, 425–462 (1991).
- W. Jiang, G. Chen, K. Liu, J. Zang, S. G. te Velthuis, and A. Hoffmann, “Skyrmions in magnetic multilayers,” Physics Reports 704, 1–49 (2017), skyrmions in Magnetic Multilayers.
- L. D. Landau and E. Lifshitz, “On the theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies,” Phys. Z. Sowjet. 8, 153 (1935).
- O. A. Tretiakov, D. Clarke, G.-W. Chern, Y. B. Bazaliy, and O. Tchernyshyov, “Dynamics of domain walls in magnetic nanostrips,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 127204 (2008).
- H. Ochoa and Y. Tserkovnyak, “Quantum skyrmionics,” International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, 1930005 (2019).
- D. P. DiVincenzo, “Quantum computation,” Science 270, 255–261 (1995).
- P. C. E. Stamp, “Quantum dynamics and tunneling of domain walls in ferromagnetic insulators,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2802–2805 (1991).
- H.-B. Braun, J. Kyriakidis, and D. Loss, “Macroscopic quantum tunneling of ferromagnetic domain walls,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 8129–8137 (1997).
- W. Wernsdorfer and R. Sessoli, “Quantum phase interference and parity effects in magnetic molecular clusters,” Science 284, 133–135 (1999).
- L. Thomas, F. Lionti, R. Ballou, D. Gatteschi, R. Sessoli, and B. Barbara, “Macroscopic quantum tunnelling of magnetization in a single crystal of nanomagnets,” Nature 383, 145–147 (1996).
- J. Brooke, T. F. Rosenbaum, and G. Aeppli, “Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls,” Nature 413, 610–613 (2001).
- E. M. Chudnovsky and J. Tejada, Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetic Moment, Cambridge Studies in Magnetism (Cambridge University Press, 1998).
- G. Blatter, M. V. Feigel’man, V. B. Geshkenbein, A. I. Larkin, and V. M. Vinokur, “Vortices in high-temperature superconductors,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 1125–1388 (1994).
- J. Kyriakidis, D. Loss, and A. H. MacDonald, “Quantum dynamics of pseudospin solitons in double-layer quantum hall systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1411–1414 (1999).
- R. Zarzuela, S. Vélez, J. M. Hernandez, J. Tejada, and V. Novosad, “Quantum depinning of the magnetic vortex core in micron-size permalloy disks,” Phys. Rev. B 85, 180401 (2012).
- S. Luo and L. You, “Skyrmion devices for memory and logic applications,” APL Materials 9, 050901 (2021).
- Z. Yan, Y. Liu, Y. Guang, K. Yue, J. Feng, R. Lake, G. Yu, and X. Han, “Skyrmion-based programmable logic device with complete boolean logic functions,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 15, 064004 (2021).
- J. Grollier, D. Querlioz, K. Y. Camsari, K. Everschor-Sitte, S. Fukami, and M. D. Stiles, “Neuromorphic spintronics,” Nature Electronics 3, 360–370 (2020).
- K. Raab, M. A. Brems, G. Beneke, T. Dohi, J. Rothörl, F. Kammerbauer, J. H. Mentink, and M. Kläui, “Brownian reservoir computing realized using geometrically confined skyrmion dynamics,” Nature Communications 13, 6982 (2022).
- A. Bogdanov and A. Hubert, “Thermodynamically stable magnetic vortex states in magnetic crystals,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 138, 255–269 (1994).
- N. Nagaosa and Y. Tokura, “Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions,” Nature Nanotechnology 8, 899–911 (2013).
- A. O. Leonov and M. Mostovoy, “Multiply periodic states and isolated skyrmions in an anisotropic frustrated magnet,” Nature Communications 6, 8275 (2015).
- X. Zhang, J. Xia, Y. Zhou, X. Liu, H. Zhang, and M. Ezawa, “Skyrmion dynamics in a frustrated ferromagnetic film and current-induced helicity locking-unlocking transition,” Nature Communications 8, 1717 (2017).
- P. E. Roy, R. M. Otxoa, and C. Moutafis, “Controlled anisotropic dynamics of tightly bound skyrmions in a synthetic ferrimagnet due to skyrmion deformation mediated by induced uniaxial in-plane anisotropy,” Phys. Rev. B 99, 094405 (2019).
- G. N. Kakazei, X. M. Liu, J. Ding, V. O. Golub, O. Y. Salyuk, R. V. Verba, S. A. Bunyaev, and A. O. Adeyeye, “Large four-fold magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional modulated Ni80Fe20 films,” Applied Physics Letters 107, 232402 (2015).
- R. M. Bozorth, Ferromagnetism (Wiley-IEEE Press, 1978).
- M. N. Wilson, E. A. Karhu, A. S. Quigley, U. K. Rößler, A. B. Butenko, A. N. Bogdanov, M. D. Robertson, and T. L. Monchesky, “Extended elliptic skyrmion gratings in epitaxial mnsi thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 144420 (2012).
- K. Shibata, J. Iwasaki, N. Kanazawa, S. Aizawa, T. Tanigaki, M. Shirai, T. Nakajima, M. Kubota, M. Kawasaki, H. S. Park, D. Shindo, N. Nagaosa, and Y. Tokura, “Large anisotropic deformation of skyrmions in strained crystal,” Nature Nanotechnology 10, 589–592 (2015).
- X. Yao, J. Chen, and S. Dong, “Controlling the helicity of magnetic skyrmions by electrical field in frustrated magnets,” New Journal of Physics 22, 083032 (2020).
- M. Kjaergaard, M. E. Schwartz, J. Braumüller, P. Krantz, J. I.-J. Wang, S. Gustavsson, and W. D. Oliver, “Superconducting qubits: Current state of play,” Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, 369–395 (2020a).
- C. C. McGeoch, Adiabatic Quantum Computation and Quantum Annealing (Springer International Publishing, 2014).
- M. Brink, J. M. Chow, J. Hertzberg, E. Magesan, and S. Rosenblatt, “Device challenges for near term superconducting quantum processors: frequency collisions,” in 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) (2018) pp. 6.1.1–6.1.3.
- T. Gilbert, “A phenomenological theory of damping in ferromagnetic materials,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 40, 3443–3449 (2004).
- R. K. Wangsness, “Sublattice effects in magnetic resonance,” Phys. Rev. 91, 1085–1091 (1953).
- F. Bloch, “Generalized theory of relaxation,” Phys. Rev. 105, 1206–1222 (1957).
- M. Kjaergaard, M. E. Schwartz, J. Braumüller, P. Krantz, J. I. Wang, S. Gustavsson, and W. D. Oliver, “Superconducting qubits: Current state of play,” https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605 11, 369–395 (2020b).
- C. Psaroudaki, P. Aseev, and D. Loss, “Quantum brownian motion of a magnetic skyrmion,” Phys. Rev. B 100, 134404 (2019).
- A. Caldeira and A. Leggett, “Quantum tunnelling in a dissipative system,” Annals of Physics 149, 374–456 (1983).
- E. M. Chudnovsky, O. Iglesias, and P. C. E. Stamp, “Quantum tunneling of domain walls in ferromagnets,” Phys. Rev. B 46, 5392–5404 (1992).
- G. Tatara, “Effective gauge field theory of spintronics,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 106, 208–238 (2019).
- T. Kikuchi and G. Tatara, “Spin dynamics with inertia in metallic ferromagnets,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 184410 (2015).
- H. M. Hurst, V. Galitski, and T. T. Heikkilä, “Electron-induced massive dynamics of magnetic domain walls,” Phys. Rev. B 101, 054407 (2020).
- F. Reyes-Osorio and B. K. Nikolic, “Anisotropic skyrmion mass induced by surrounding conduction electrons: A schwinger-keldysh field theory approach,” (2023), arXiv:2302.04220 .
- D. Capic, E. M. Chudnovsky, and D. A. Garanin, “Skyrmion mass from spin-phonon interaction,” Phys. Rev. B 102, 060404 (2020).
- A. Barenco, C. H. Bennett, R. Cleve, D. P. DiVincenzo, N. Margolus, P. Shor, T. Sleator, J. A. Smolin, and H. Weinfurter, “Elementary gates for quantum computation,” Phys. Rev. A 52, 3457–3467 (1995).
- C. M. Dawson and M. A. Nielsen, “The solovay-kitaev algorithm,” Quantum Info. Comput. 6, 81–95 (2006).
- D. C. McKay, C. J. Wood, S. Sheldon, J. M. Chow, and J. M. Gambetta, “Efficient z𝑧zitalic_z gates for quantum computing,” Phys. Rev. A 96, 022330 (2017).
- J. Xia, X. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Zhou, and M. Ezawa, “Universal quantum computation based on nanoscale skyrmion helicity qubits in frustrated magnets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 106701 (2023).
- W. Koshibae and N. Nagaosa, “Theory of skyrmions in bilayer systems,” Scientific Reports 7, 42645 (2017).
- S. A. Díaz, T. Hirosawa, D. Loss, and C. Psaroudaki, “Spin wave radiation by a topological charge dipole,” Nano Letters 20, 6556–6562 (2020), pMID: 32812768.
- N. Schuch and J. Siewert, “Natural two-qubit gate for quantum computation using the XYXY\mathrm{XY}roman_XY interaction,” Phys. Rev. A 67, 032301 (2003).
- J. Zou, S. Bosco, B. Pal, S. S. P. Parkin, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, “Domain wall qubits on magnetic racetracks,” (2022), arXiv:2212.12019 .
- M. Fukami, D. R. Candido, D. D. Awschalom, and M. E. Flatté, “Opportunities for long-range magnon-mediated entanglement of spin qubits via on- and off-resonant coupling,” PRX Quantum 2, 040314 (2021).
- T. Hirosawa, A. Mook, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, “Magnetoelectric cavity magnonics in skyrmion crystals,” PRX Quantum 3, 040321 (2022).
- G. Vidal, K. Hammerer, and J. I. Cirac, “Interaction cost of nonlocal gates,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 237902 (2002).
- M. M. Midzor, P. E. Wigen, D. Pelekhov, W. Chen, P. C. Hammel, and M. L. Roukes, “Imaging mechanisms of force detected FMR microscopy,” Journal of Applied Physics 87, 6493–6495 (2000), https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/87/9/6493/10606166/6493_1_online.pdf .
- E. Arima, Y. Naitoh, Y. J. Li, S. Yoshimura, H. Saito, H. Nomura, R. Nakatani, and Y. Sugawara, “Magnetic force microscopy using tip magnetization modulated by ferromagnetic resonance,” Nanotechnology 26, 125701 (2015).
- M. Sapozhnikov, D. Tatarskiy, and V. Mironov, “Creating and detecting a magnetic bimeron by magnetic force microscope probe,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 549, 169043 (2022).
- H. J. Hug, Magnetic Skyrmions and Their Applications: Chapter 4 - Mapping the magnetic field of skyrmions and spin spirals by scanning probe microscopy (Woodhead Publishing, 2021).
- S. Pöllath, A. Aqeel, A. Bauer, C. Luo, H. Ryll, F. Radu, C. Pfleiderer, G. Woltersdorf, and C. H. Back, “Ferromagnetic resonance with magnetic phase selectivity by means of resonant elastic x-ray scattering on a chiral magnet,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 167201 (2019).
- Y. Dovzhenko, F. Casola, S. Schlotter, T. X. Zhou, F. Büttner, R. L. Walsworth, G. S. D. Beach, and A. Yacoby, “Magnetostatic twists in room-temperature skyrmions explored by nitrogen-vacancy center spin texture reconstruction,” nature.com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sgmunications 2018 9:1 9, 1–7 (2018).
- A. R. Stuart, K. L. Livesey, and K. S. Buchanan, “Fast, semianalytical approach to obtain the stray magnetic field above a magnetic skyrmion,” Phys. Rev. B 105, 144430 (2022).
- E. Marchiori, L. Ceccarelli, N. Rossi, L. Lorenzelli, C. L. Degen, and M. Poggio, “Nanoscale magnetic field imaging for 2d materials,” Nature Reviews Physics 2021 4:1 4, 49–60 (2021).
- J. R. Rabeau, A. Stacey, A. Rabeau, S. Prawer, F. Jelezko, I. Mirza, and J. Wrachtrup, “Single nitrogen vacancy centers in chemical vapor deposited diamond nanocrystals,” Nano Letters 7, 3433–3437 (2007), pMID: 17902725, https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0719271 .
- S. Pezzagna, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, J. Wrachtrup, and J. Meijer, “Creation efficiency of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond,” New Journal of Physics 12, 065017 (2010).
- E. Bernardi, R. Nelz, S. Sonusen, and E. Neu, “Nanoscale sensing using point defects in single-crystal diamond: Recent progress on nitrogen vacancy center-based sensors,” Crystals 7 (2017), 10.3390/cryst7050124.
- N. Jiang, Y. Nii, H. Arisawa, E. Saitoh, and Y. Onose, “Electric current control of spin helicity in an itinerant helimagnet,” Nature Communications 2020 11:1 11, 1–6 (2020).
- I. Lima Fernandes, S. Blügel, and S. Lounis, “Spin-orbit enabled all-electrical readout of chiral spin-textures,” Nature Communications 13, 1576 (2022).
- V. Chandragiri, K. K. Iyer, and E. V. Sampathkumaran, “Magnetic behavior of gd3ru4al12, a layered compound with distorted kagomé net,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28, 286002 (2016).
- M. Hirschberger, T. Nakajima, S. Gao, L. Peng, A. Kikkawa, T. Kurumaji, M. Kriener, Y. Yamasaki, H. Sagayama, H. Nakao, K. Ohishi, K. Kakurai, Y. Taguchi, X. Yu, T.-H. Arima, and Y. Tokura, “Skyrmion phase and competing magnetic orders on a breathing kagomé lattice,” Nature communications 10, 5831 (2019b).
- C. Boragno, M. Bonansinga, and F. Nava, “Electrical and magnetic properties if ersi2 and gdsi2 alloy thin films,” Solid State Communications 92, 515–518 (1994).
- P. Sonnet, L. Stauffer, S. Saintenoy, C. Pirri, P. Wetzel, G. Gewinner, and C. Minot, “Electronic and atomic structure of two-dimensional ersi2subscriptersi2{\mathrm{ersi}}_{2}roman_ersi start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT (1×1)11(1\times{}1)( 1 × 1 )-h on si(111),” Phys. Rev. B 56, 15171–15179 (1997).
- T. Okubo, S. Chung, and H. Kawamura, “Multiple-q𝑞qitalic_q states and the skyrmion lattice of the triangular-lattice heisenberg antiferromagnet under magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 017206 (2012).
- H. Yamaguchi, S. Kimura, M. Hagiwara, Y. Nambu, S. Nakatsuji, Y. Maeno, and K. Kindo, “High-field electron spin resonance in the two-dimensional triangular-lattice antiferromagnet niga2s4subscriptniga2subscripts4{\text{niga}}_{2}{\text{s}}_{4}niga start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 4 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 180404 (2008).
- S. Nakatsuji, Y. Nambu, H. Tonomura, O. Sakai, S. Jonas, C. Broholm, H. Tsunetsugu, Y. Qiu, and Y. Maeno, “Spin disorder on a triangular lattice,” Science 309, 1697–1700 (2005).
- S. Nakatsuji, Y. Nambu, K. Onuma, S. Jonas, C. Broholm, and Y. Maeno, “Coherent behaviour without magnetic order of the triangular lattice antiferromagnet niga2s4,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, 145232 (2007).
- H. Takeya, K. Ishida, K. Kitagawa, Y. Ihara, K. Onuma, Y. Maeno, Y. Nambu, S. Nakatsuji, D. E. MacLaughlin, A. Koda, and R. Kadono, “Spin dynamics and spin freezing behavior in the two-dimensional antiferromagnet Niga2s4subscriptNiga2subscripts4\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{s}}_{4}roman_Niga start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT roman_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 4 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT revealed by ga-nmr, nqr and μSR𝜇SR\mu\mathrm{SR}italic_μ roman_SR measurements,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 054429 (2008).
- Z. Hou, Q. Zhang, G. Xu, S. Zhang, C. Gong, B. Ding, H. Li, F. Xu, Y. Yao, E. Liu, G. Wu, X. X. Zhang, and W. Wang, “Manipulating the topology of nanoscale skyrmion bubbles by spatially geometric confinement,” ACS Nano 13, 922–929 (2019).
- Z. Hou, Q. Zhang, X. Zhang, G. Xu, J. Xia, B. Ding, H. Li, S. Zhang, N. M. Batra, P. M. Costa, E. Liu, G. Wu, M. Ezawa, X. Liu, Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, and W. Wang, “Current-induced helicity reversal of a single skyrmionic bubble chain in a nanostructured frustrated magnet,” Advanced Materials 32, 1904815 (2020).
- S.-Z. Lin, “Skyrmion lattice in centrosymmetric magnets with local dzyaloshinsky-moriya interaction,” (2021), arXiv:2112.12850 .
- W. Du, K. Dou, Y. Dai, B. Huang, and Y. Ma, “Bloch-type magnetic skyrmions in two-dimensional lattice,” (2023), arXiv:2304.00671 .
- S. Ishiwata, T. Nakajima, J.-H. Kim, D. S. Inosov, N. Kanazawa, J. S. White, J. L. Gavilano, R. Georgii, K. M. Seemann, G. Brandl, P. Manuel, D. D. Khalyavin, S. Seki, Y. Tokunaga, M. Kinoshita, Y. W. Long, Y. Kaneko, Y. Taguchi, T. Arima, B. Keimer, and Y. Tokura, “Emergent topological spin structures in the centrosymmetric cubic perovskite srfeo3subscriptsrfeo3{\mathrm{srfeo}}_{3}roman_srfeo start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 3 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT,” Phys. Rev. B 101, 134406 (2020).
- H. A. Merker, H. Heiberger, L. Nguyen, T. Liu, Z. Chen, N. Andrejevic, N. C. Drucker, R. Okabe, S. E. Kim, Y. Wang, T. Smidt, and M. Li, “Machine learning magnetism classifiers from atomic coordinates,” iScience 25, 105192 (2022).
- J. Greitemann, K. Liu, L. D. C. Jaubert, H. Yan, N. Shannon, and L. Pollet, “Identification of emergent constraints and hidden order in frustrated magnets using tensorial kernel methods of machine learning,” Phys. Rev. B 100, 174408 (2019).
- S. Takei and M. Mohseni, “Quantum control of topological defects in magnetic systems,” Phys. Rev. B 97, 064401 (2018).
- T. van der Sar, Z. H. Wang, M. S. Blok, H. Bernien, T. H. Taminiau, D. M. Toyli, D. A. Lidar, D. D. Awschalom, R. Hanson, and V. V. Dobrovitski, “Decoherence-protected quantum gates for a hybrid solid-state spin register,” Nature 484, 82–86 (2012).
- L. Soumah, N. Beaulieu, L. Qassym, C. Carrétéro, E. Jacquet, R. Lebourgeois, J. B. Youssef, P. Bortolotti, V. Cros, and A. Anane, “Ultra-low damping insulating magnetic thin films get perpendicular,” Nature Communications 2018 9:1 9, 1–6 (2018).
- C. Hauser, T. Richter, N. Homonnay, C. Eisenschmidt, M. Qaid, H. Deniz, D. Hesse, M. Sawicki, S. G. Ebbinghaus, and G. Schmidt, “Yttrium iron garnet thin films with very low damping obtained by recrystallization of amorphous material,” Scientific Reports 2016 6:1 6, 1–8 (2016).
- Q. Qin, S. He, W. Song, P. Yang, Q. Wu, Y. P. Feng, and J. Chen, “Ultra-low magnetic damping of perovskite la0.7sr0.3mno3 thin films,” Applied Physics Letters 110 (2017), 10.1063/1.4978431/32760.
- H. Chang, P. Li, W. Zhang, T. Liu, A. Hoffmann, L. Deng, and M. Wu, “Nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet films with extremely low damping,” IEEE Magnetics Letters 5 (2014), 10.1109/LMAG.2014.2350958.
- S. Guo, B. McCullian, P. C. Hammel, and F. Yang, “Low damping at few-k temperatures in y3fe5o12 epitaxial films isolated from gd3ga5o12 substrate using a diamagnetic y3sc2.5al2.5o12 spacer,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 562, 169795 (2022).
- L. Jin, Y. Wang, G. Lu, J. Li, Y. He, Z. Zhong, and H. Zhang, “Temperature dependence of spin-wave modes and gilbert damping in lanthanum-doped yttrium-iron-garnet films,” AIP Advances 9, 25301 (2019).
- D. Hong, C. Liu, J. Pearson, and A. Bhattacharya, “Epitaxial growth of high quality SrFeO3 films on (001) oriented (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7,” Applied Physics Letters 111, 232408 (2017), https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.5002672/14507417/232408_1_online.pdf .
- J. Chang, J.-W. Lee, and S.-K. Kim, “Layer-by-layer growth of srfeo3-δ𝛿\deltaitalic_δ thin films on atomically flat single-terminated srruo3/srtio3 (111) surfaces,” Journal of Crystal Growth 312, 621–623 (2010).
- J. I. Wang, M. A. Yamoah, Q. Li, A. H. Karamlou, T. Dinh, B. Kannan, J. Braumüller, D. Kim, A. J. Melville, S. E. Muschinske, B. M. Niedzielski, K. Serniak, Y. Sung, R. Winik, J. L. Yoder, M. E. Schwartz, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, T. P. Orlando, S. Gustavsson, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and W. D. Oliver, “Hexagonal boron nitride as a low-loss dielectric for superconducting quantum circuits and qubits,” Nature Materials 2022 21:4 21, 398–403 (2022).
- L. Viola and S. Lloyd, “Dynamical suppression of decoherence in two-state quantum systems,” Phys. Rev. A 58, 2733–2744 (1998).
- J. Bylander, S. Gustavsson, F. Yan, F. Yoshihara, K. Harrabi, G. Fitch, D. G. Cory, Y. Nakamura, J.-S. Tsai, and W. D. Oliver, “Noise spectroscopy through dynamical decoupling with a superconducting flux qubit,” Nature Physics 7, 565–570 (2011).
- J. F. Barry, J. M. Schloss, E. Bauch, M. J. Turner, C. A. Hart, L. M. Pham, and R. L. Walsworth, “Sensitivity optimization for nv-diamond magnetometry,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 92, 015004 (2020).
- M. Joos, D. Bluvstein, Y. Lyu, D. Weld, and A. Bleszynski Jayich, “Protecting qubit coherence by spectrally engineered driving of the spin environment,” npj Quantum Information 8, 47 (2022).
- O. Boulle, J. Vogel, H. Yang, S. Pizzini, D. de Souza Chaves, A. Locatelli, T. O. Menteş, A. Sala, L. D. Buda-Prejbeanu, O. Klein, M. Belmeguenai, Y. Roussigné, A. Stashkevich, S. M. Chérif, L. Aballe, M. Foerster, M. Chshiev, S. Auffret, I. M. Miron, and G. Gaudin, “Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures,” Nature Nanotechnology 11, 449–454 (2016).
- P. Ho, A. K. Tan, S. Goolaup, A. G. Oyarce, M. Raju, L. Huang, A. Soumyanarayanan, and C. Panagopoulos, “Geometrically tailored skyrmions at zero magnetic field in multilayered nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 024064 (2019).
- X. Zhao, C. Jin, C. Wang, H. Du, J. Zang, M. Tian, R. Che, and Y. Zhang, “Direct imaging of magnetic field-driven transitions of skyrmion cluster states in fege nanodisks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 4918–4923 (2016), https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1600197113 .
- I. Lima Fernandes, J. Bouaziz, S. Blügel, and S. Lounis, “Universality of defect-skyrmion interaction profiles,” Nature Communications 9, 4395 (2018).
- F. Tejo, D. Toneto, S. Oyarzún, J. Hermosilla, C. S. Danna, J. L. Palma, R. B. da Silva, L. S. Dorneles, and J. C. Denardin, “Stabilization of magnetic skyrmions on arrays of self-assembled hexagonal nanodomes for magnetic recording applications,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, 53454–53461 (2020).
- X. Zhang, G. P. Zhao, H. Fangohr, J. P. Liu, W. X. Xia, J. Xia, and F. J. Morvan, “Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory,” Scientific Reports 5, 7643 (2015).
- D. Capic, D. A. Garanin, and E. M. Chudnovsky, “Skyrmion–skyrmion interaction in a magnetic film,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 32, 415803 (2020).
- X. Zhang, Y. Zhou, and M. Ezawa, “Magnetic bilayer-skyrmions without skyrmion hall effect,” Nature Communications 7, 10293 (2016).
- M. Schott, A. Bernand-Mantel, L. Ranno, S. Pizzini, J. Vogel, H. Béa, C. Baraduc, S. Auffret, G. Gaudin, and D. Givord, “The skyrmion switch: Turning magnetic skyrmion bubbles on and off with an electric field,” Nano Letters 17, 3006–3012 (2017).
- P.-J. Hsu, A. Kubetzka, A. Finco, N. Romming, K. von Bergmann, and R. Wiesendanger, “Electric-field-driven switching of individual magnetic skyrmions,” Nature Nanotechnology 12, 123–126 (2017).
- T. Srivastava, M. Schott, R. Juge, V. Křižáková, M. Belmeguenai, Y. Roussigné, A. Bernand-Mantel, L. Ranno, S. Pizzini, S.-M. Chérif, A. Stashkevich, S. Auffret, O. Boulle, G. Gaudin, M. Chshiev, C. Baraduc, and H. Béa, “Large-voltage tuning of dzyaloshinskii–moriya interactions: A route toward dynamic control of skyrmion chirality,” Nano Letters 18, 4871–4877 (2018), pMID: 29924621, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01502 .
- A. Casiraghi, H. Corte-León, M. Vafaee, F. Garcia-Sanchez, G. Durin, M. Pasquale, G. Jakob, M. Kläui, and O. Kazakova, “Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients,” Communications Physics 2, 145 (2019).
- A. A. Clerk, K. W. Lehnert, P. Bertet, J. R. Petta, and Y. Nakamura, “Hybrid quantum systems with circuit quantum electrodynamics,” Nature Physics 16, 257–267 (2020).
- K. Fujii and K. Nakajima, “Harnessing disordered-ensemble quantum dynamics for machine learning,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 8, 024030 (2017).
- J. Chen, H. I. Nurdin, and N. Yamamoto, “Temporal information processing on noisy quantum computers,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 024065 (2020).
- E. Farhi, J. Goldstone, S. Gutmann, and M. Sipser, “Quantum computation by adiabatic evolution,” (2000), arXiv:quant-ph/0001106 .
- E. Farhi, J. Goldstone, S. Gutmann, J. Lapan, A. Lundgren, and D. Preda, “A quantum adiabatic evolution algorithm applied to random instances of an np-complete problem,” Science 292, 472–475 (2001), https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1057726 .
- R. Barends, A. Shabani, L. Lamata, J. Kelly, A. Mezzacapo, U. L. Heras, R. Babbush, A. G. Fowler, B. Campbell, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, A. Dunsworth, E. Jeffrey, E. Lucero, A. Megrant, J. Y. Mutus, M. Neeley, C. Neill, P. J. J. O’Malley, C. Quintana, P. Roushan, D. Sank, A. Vainsencher, J. Wenner, T. C. White, E. Solano, H. Neven, and J. M. Martinis, “Digitized adiabatic quantum computing with a superconducting circuit,” Nature 534, 222–226 (2016).
- G. Yang, P. Stano, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, “Majorana bound states in magnetic skyrmions,” Phys. Rev. B 93, 224505 (2016).
- M. Garnier, A. Mesaros, and P. Simon, “Topological superconductivity with deformable magnetic skyrmions,” Communications Physics 2, 126 (2019).
- A. P. Petrović, M. Raju, X. Y. Tee, A. Louat, I. Maggio-Aprile, R. M. Menezes, M. J. Wyszyński, N. K. Duong, M. Reznikov, C. Renner, M. V. Milošević, and C. Panagopoulos, “Skyrmion-(anti)vortex coupling in a chiral magnet-superconductor heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 117205 (2021).
- J. Nothhelfer, S. A. Díaz, S. Kessler, T. Meng, M. Rizzi, K. M. D. Hals, and K. Everschor-Sitte, “Steering majorana braiding via skyrmion-vortex pairs: A scalable platform,” Phys. Rev. B 105, 224509 (2022).
- I. A. Iakovlev, O. M. Sotnikov, and V. V. Mazurenko, “Supervised learning approach for recognizing magnetic skyrmion phases,” Phys. Rev. B 98, 174411 (2018).
- M. H. Devoret and R. J. Schoelkopf, “Superconducting circuits for quantum information: An outlook,” Science 339, 1169–1174 (2013), https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1231930 .
- S.-Z. Lin and S. Hayami, “Ginzburg-landau theory for skyrmions in inversion-symmetric magnets with competing interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 93, 064430 (2016).
- I. G. Arjana, I. Lima Fernandes, J. Chico, and S. Lounis, “Sub-nanoscale atom-by-atom crafting of skyrmion-defect interaction profiles,” Scientific Reports 10, 14655 (2020).
Paper Prompts
Sign up for free to create and run prompts on this paper using GPT-5.
Top Community Prompts
Collections
Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.