Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Einstein gravity as the thermal equilibrium state of a nonminimally coupled scalar field geometry

Published 10 Jan 2024 in gr-qc | (2401.04877v1)

Abstract: We test ideas of the recently proposed first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity using an exact geometry sourced by a conformally coupled scalar field. We report a non-monotonic behaviour of the effective ``temperature of gravity'' not observed before and due to a new term in the equation describing the relaxation of gravity toward its state of equilibrium, i.e., Einstein gravity, showing a richer range of thermal behaviours of modified gravity than previously thought.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (92)
  1. C. M. Will, “The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment,” Living Rev. Rel. 17, 4 (2014) doi:10.12942/lrr-2014-4 [arXiv:1403.7377 [gr-qc]].
  2. T. Baker, D. Psaltis and C. Skordis, “Linking Tests of Gravity On All Scales: from the Strong-Field Regime to Cosmology,” Astrophys. J. 802, 63 (2015) doi:10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/63 [arXiv:1412.3455 [astro-ph.CO]].
  3. T. Clifton, P. G. Ferreira, A. Padilla and C. Skordis, “Modified Gravity and Cosmology,” Phys. Rept. 513, 1-189 (2012) doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.01.001 [arXiv:1106.2476 [astro-ph.CO]].
  4. L. Heisenberg, “A systematic approach to generalisations of General Relativity and their cosmological implications,” Phys. Rept. 796, 1-113 (2019) doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2018.11.006 [arXiv:1807.01725 [gr-qc]].
  5. L. Heisenberg, “Scalar-Vector-Tensor Gravity Theories,” JCAP 10, 054 (2018) doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/10/054 [arXiv:1801.01523 [gr-qc]].
  6. K. S. Stelle, “Renormalization of Higher Derivative Quantum Gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 16, 953-969 (1977) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.953
  7. K. S. Stelle, “Classical Gravity with Higher Derivatives,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 9, 353-371 (1978) doi:10.1007/BF00760427
  8. C. G. Callan, Jr., E. J. Martinec, M. J. Perry and D. Friedan, “Strings in Background Fields,” Nucl. Phys. B 262, 593-609 (1985) doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90506-1
  9. E. S. Fradkin and A. A. Tseytlin, “Quantum String Theory Effective Action,” Nucl. Phys. B 261, 1-27 (1985) [erratum: Nucl. Phys. B 269, 745-745 (1986)] doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90559-0
  10. L. Verde, T. Treu and A. G. Riess, “Tensions between the Early and the Late Universe,” Nature Astron. 3, 891 doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0902-0 [arXiv:1907.10625 [astro-ph.CO]].
  11. E. Di Valentino, O. Mena, S. Pan, L. Visinelli, W. Yang, A. Melchiorri, D. F. Mota, A. G. Riess and J. Silk, “In the realm of the Hubble tension—a review of solutions,” Class. Quant. Grav. 38, no.15, 153001 (2021) doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ac086d [arXiv:2103.01183 [astro-ph.CO]].
  12. S. Capozziello, S. Carloni and A. Troisi, “Quintessence without scalar fields,” Recent Res. Dev. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 625 (2003) [arXiv:astro-ph/0303041 [astro-ph]].
  13. S. M. Carroll, V. Duvvuri, M. Trodden and M. S. Turner, “Is cosmic speed - up due to new gravitational physics?,” Phys. Rev. D 70, 043528 (2004) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.043528 [arXiv:astro-ph/0306438 [astro-ph]].
  14. T. P. Sotiriou and V. Faraoni, “f⁢(R)𝑓𝑅f(R)italic_f ( italic_R ) Theories of Gravity,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 451-497 (2010) doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.451 [arXiv:0805.1726 [gr-qc]].
  15. A. De Felice and S. Tsujikawa, “f⁢(R)𝑓𝑅f(R)italic_f ( italic_R ) theories,” Living Rev. Rel. 13, 3 (2010) doi:10.12942/lrr-2010-3 [arXiv:1002.4928 [gr-qc]].
  16. S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, “Unified cosmic history in modified gravity: from F(R) theory to Lorentz non-invariant models,” Phys. Rept. 505, 59-144 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2011.04.001 [arXiv:1011.0544 [gr-qc]].
  17. A. A. Starobinsky, “A New Type of Isotropic Cosmological Models Without Singularity,” Phys. Lett. B 91, 99-102 (1980) doi:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90670-X
  18. C. Brans and R. H. Dicke, “Mach’s principle and a relativistic theory of gravitation”, Phys. Rev. 124, 925-935 (1961) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925.
  19. P. G. Bergmann, “Comments on the scalar tensor theory”, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 1, 25-36 (1968) doi:10.1007/BF00668828.
  20. K. Nordtvedt, “Equivalence Principle for Massive Bodies. 2. Theory”, Phys. Rev. 169, 1017-1025 (1968) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.169.1017.
  21. R. V. Wagoner, “Scalar tensor theory and gravitational waves”, Phys. Rev. D 1, 3209-3216 (1970) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.1.3209.
  22. K. Nordtvedt, Jr., “PostNewtonian metric for a general class of scalar tensor gravitational theories and observational consequences”, Astrophys. J. 161, 1059-1067 (1970) doi:10.1086/150607.
  23. G. W. Horndeski, “Second-order scalar-tensor field equations in a four-dimensional space”, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 10, 363 (1974), doi:10.1007/BF01807638.
  24. C. Deffayet, G. Esposito-Farèse and A. Vikman, “Covariant Galileon”, Phys. Rev. D 79, 084003 (2009) arXiv:0901.1314.
  25. C. Deffayet, S. Deser and G. Esposito-Farése, “Generalized Galileons: All scalar models whose curved background extensions maintain second-order field equations and stress-tensors”, Phys. Rev. D 80, 064015 (2009), arXiv:0906.1967.
  26. C. Deffayet, X. Gao, D. A. Steer and G. Zahariade, “From k-essence to generalised Galileons”, Phys. Rev. D 84, 064039 (2011), arXiv:1103.3260.
  27. J. Gleyzes, D. Langlois, F. Piazza and F. Vernizzi, “Healthy theories beyond Horndeski”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, no. 21, 211101 (2015) arXiv:1404.6495.
  28. J. Gleyzes, D. Langlois, F. Piazza and F. Vernizzi, “Exploring gravitational theories beyond Horndeski”, JCAP 1502, 018 (2015) arXiv:1408.1952.
  29. D. Langlois and K. Noui, “Degenerate higher derivative theories beyond Horndeski: evading the Ostrogradski instability”, JCAP 1602, no. 02, 034 (2016) arXiv:1510.06930.
  30. D. Langlois and K. Noui, “Hamiltonian analysis of higher derivative scalar-tensor theories”, JCAP 1607, no. 07, 016 (2016) arXiv:1512.06820.
  31. J. Ben Achour, D. Langlois and K. Noui, “Degenerate higher order scalar-tensor theories beyond Horndeski and disformal transformations”, Phys. Rev. D 93, no. 12, 124005 (2016) arXiv:1602.08398.
  32. M. Crisostomi, K. Koyama and G. Tasinato, “Extended Scalar-Tensor Theories of Gravity”, JCAP 1604, no. 04, 044 (2016) arXiv:1602.03119.
  33. H. Motohashi, K. Noui, T. Suyama, M. Yamaguchi and D. Langlois, “Healthy degenerate theories with higher derivatives”, JCAP 1607, no. 07, 033 (2016) arXiv:1603.09355.
  34. J. Ben Achour, M. Crisostomi, K. Koyama, D. Langlois, K. Noui and G. Tasinato, “Degenerate higher order scalar-tensor theories beyond Horndeski up to cubic order”, JHEP 1612, 100 (2016) arXiv:1608.08135.
  35. M. Crisostomi, R. Klein and D. Roest, “Higher Derivative Field Theories: Degeneracy Conditions and Classes”, JHEP 1706, 124 (2017) arXiv:1703.01623.
  36. D. Langlois, “Dark energy and modified gravity in degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor (DHOST) theories: A review”, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 28, no. 05, 1942006 (2019) arXiv:1811.06271.
  37. D. Langlois, “Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor (DHOST) theories”, arXiv:1707.03625.
  38. P. Creminelli, M. Lewandowski, G. Tambalo and F. Vernizzi, “Gravitational Wave Decay into Dark Energy”, JCAP 1812, no. 12, 025 (2018) arXiv:1809.03484.
  39. D. Langlois, R. Saito, D. Yamauchi and K. Noui, “Scalar-tensor theories and modified gravity in the wake of GW170817”, Phys. Rev. D 97, no. 6, 061501 (2018) arXiv:1711.07403.
  40. T. Padmanabhan, “Emergent gravity and dark energy,” [arXiv:0802.1798 [gr-qc]].
  41. T. Padmanabhan, “Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights,” Rept. Prog. Phys. 73, 046901 (2010) doi:10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901 [arXiv:0911.5004 [gr-qc]].
  42. B. L. Hu, “Emergent/Quantum Gravity: Macro/Micro Structures of Spacetime,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 174, 012015 (2009) doi:10.1088/1742-6596/174/1/012015 [arXiv:0903.0878 [gr-qc]].
  43. E. P. Verlinde, “On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton,” JHEP 04, 029 (2011) doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 [arXiv:1001.0785 [hep-th]].
  44. S. Carlip, “Challenges for Emergent Gravity,” Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. B 46, 200-208 (2014) doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2012.11.002 [arXiv:1207.2504 [gr-qc]].
  45. A. Giusti, “On the corpuscular theory of gravity,” Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 16, no.03, 1930001 (2019) doi:10.1142/S0219887819300010
  46. T. Jacobson, “Thermodynamics of space-time: The Einstein equation of state,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 1260, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260 [arXiv:gr-qc/9504004 [gr-qc]].
  47. C. Eling, R. Guedens, and T. Jacobson, “Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of spacetime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 121301, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.121301 [arXiv:gr-qc/0602001 [gr-qc]].
  48. G. Chirco, C. Eling and S. Liberati, “Reversible and Irreversible Spacetime Thermodynamics for General Brans-Dicke Theories,” Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011), 024032, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.024032 [arXiv:1011.1405 [gr-qc]].
  49. M. S. Madsen, “Scalar Fields in Curved Space-times,” Class. Quant. Grav. 5, 627-639 (1988) doi:10.1088/0264-9381/5/4/010
  50. L. O. Pimentel, “Energy Momentum Tensor in the General Scalar-Tensor Theory,” Class. Quant. Grav. 6, L263-L265 (1989) doi:10.1088/0264-9381/6/12/005
  51. V. Faraoni and J. Côté, “Imperfect fluid description of modified gravities,” Phys. Rev. D 98 no. 8, 084019 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.084019 [arXiv:1808.02427 [gr-qc]].
  52. U. Nucamendi, R. De Arcia, T. Gonzalez, F. A. Horta-Rangel and I. Quiros, “Equivalence between Horndeski and beyond Horndeski theories and imperfect fluids,” Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) no.8, 084054, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.084054 [arXiv:1910.13026 [gr-qc]].
  53. A. Giusti, S. Zentarra, L. Heisenberg and V. Faraoni, “First-order thermodynamics of Horndeski gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 105, no.12, 124011 (2022) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.124011 [arXiv:2108.10706 [gr-qc]].
  54. C. Eckart, “The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. 3. Relativistic theory of the simple fluid,” Phys. Rev. 58 (1940), 919-924 doi:10.1103/PhysRev.58.919
  55. V. Faraoni and A. Giusti, “Thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 103, no.12, L121501 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.103.L121501 [arXiv:2103.05389 [gr-qc]].
  56. V. Faraoni, A. Giusti and A. Mentrelli, “New approach to the thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 104, no.12, 124031 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.124031 [arXiv:2110.02368 [gr-qc]].
  57. A. Giusti, S. Giardino and V. Faraoni, “Past-directed scalar field gradients and scalar-tensor thermodynamics,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 55, no.3, 47 (2023) doi:10.1007/s10714-023-03095-7 [arXiv:2210.15348 [gr-qc]].
  58. V. Faraoni and J. Houle, “More on the first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor and Horndeski gravity,” Eur. Phys. J. C 83, no.6, 521 (2023) doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11712-7 [arXiv:2302.01442 [gr-qc]].
  59. M. Miranda, D. Vernieri, S. Capozziello and V. Faraoni, “Fluid nature constrains Horndeski gravity,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 55, no.7, 84 (2023) doi:10.1007/s10714-023-03128-1 [arXiv:2209.02727 [gr-qc]].
  60. S. Giardino, V. Faraoni and A. Giusti, “First-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor cosmology,” JCAP 04, no.04, 053 (2022) doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/04/053 [arXiv:2202.07393 [gr-qc]].
  61. V. Faraoni, S. Giardino, A. Giusti and R. Vanderwee, “Scalar field as a perfect fluid: thermodynamics of minimally coupled scalars and Einstein frame scalar-tensor gravity,” Eur. Phys. J. C 83, no.1, 24 (2023) doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11186-7 [arXiv:2208.04051 [gr-qc]].
  62. M. Miranda, P. A. Graham and V. Faraoni, “Effective fluid mixture of tensor-multi-scalar gravity,” Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138, no.5, 387 (2023) doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03984-5 [arXiv:2211.03958 [gr-qc]].
  63. V. Faraoni, A. Giusti, S. Jose and S. Giardino, “Peculiar thermal states in the first-order thermodynamics of gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 106, no.2, 024049 (2022) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.024049 [arXiv:2206.02046 [gr-qc]].
  64. V. Faraoni and T. B. Françonnet, “Stealth metastable state of scalar-tensor thermodynamics,” Phys. Rev. D 105, no.10, 104006 (2022) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.104006 [arXiv:2203.14934 [gr-qc]].
  65. S. Giardino, A. Giusti and V. Faraoni, “Thermal stability of stealth and de Sitter spacetimes in scalar-tensor gravity,” Eur. Phys. J. C 83, no.7, 621 (2023) doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11697-3 [arXiv:2302.08550 [gr-qc]].
  66. V. Faraoni, P. A. Graham and A. Leblanc, “Critical solutions of nonminimally coupled scalar field theory and first-order thermodynamics of gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 106, no.8, 084008 (2022) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.084008 [arXiv:2207.03841 [gr-qc]].
  67. J. Sultana, “Generating time dependent conformally coupled Einstein-scalar solutions,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 47, no.7, 73 (2015) doi:10.1007/s10714-015-1916-2
  68. M. Wyman, “Static spherically symmetric scalar fields in general relativity”, Phys. Rev. D 24, 839 (1981).
  69. N. A. Chernikov and E. A. Tagirov, “Quantum theory of scalar field in de Sitter space”, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré A 9, 109–141 (1968).
  70. C. G. Callan, Jr., S. R. Coleman and R. Jackiw, “A New improved energy - momentum tensor,” Annals Phys. 59, 42-73 (1970) doi:10.1016/0003-4916(70)90394-5
  71. N. D. Birrell and P. C. W. Davies, “Conformal Symmetry Breaking and Cosmological Particle Creation in λ⁢ϕ4𝜆superscriptitalic-ϕ4\lambda\phi^{4}italic_λ italic_ϕ start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 4 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT Theory,” Phys. Rev. D 22, 322 (1980) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.22.322
  72. B. L. Nelson and P. Panangaden, “Scaling behaviour of interacting quantum fields in curved spacetime”, Phys. Rev. D 25, 1019-1027 (1982) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.1019
  73. L. H. Ford and D. J. Toms, “Dynamical Symmetry Breaking Due to Radiative Corrections in Cosmology,” Phys. Rev. D 25, 1510 (1982) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.1510
  74. L. Parker and D. J. Toms, “Renormalization Group Analysis of Grand Unified Theories in Curved Space-time,” Phys. Rev. D 29, 1584 (1984) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.29.1584
  75. S. Sonego and V. Faraoni, “Coupling to the curvature for a scalar field from the equivalence principle,” Class. Quant. Grav. 10, 1185-1187 (1993) doi:10.1088/0264-9381/10/6/015
  76. T. Muta and S. D. Odintsov, “Model dependence of the nonminimal scalar graviton effective coupling constant in curved space-time,” Mod. Phys. Lett. A 06, 3641-3646 (1991) doi:10.1142/S0217732391004206
  77. I. L. Buchbinder and S. D. Odintsov, “Asymptotical conformal invariance in curved space-time,” Lett. Nuovo Cim. 42, 379-381 (1985) doi:10.1007/BF02747058
  78. I. L. Buchbinder, “Quantum Field Theory Renormalization in Curved Space-time and Renormalization Group Equations,” Fortsch. Phys. 34, 605-628 (1986) doi:10.1002/prop.19860340902
  79. E. Elizalde and S. D. Odintsov, “Renormalization group improved effective potential for finite grand unified theories in curved space-time,” Phys. Lett. B 333, 331-336 (1994) doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)90151-1 [arXiv:hep-th/9403132 [hep-th]].
  80. S. D. Odintsov, “Renormalization Group, Effective Action and Grand Unification Theories in Curved Space-time,” Fortsch. Phys. 39, 621-641 (1991) Print-90-0237 (TOMSK).
  81. J. Ibañez and J. L. Sanz, “New exact static solutions to Einstein’s equations for spherically symmetric perfect fluid distributions”, J. Math. Phys. 23, 1364–1365 (1982).
  82. H. A. Buchdahl and W. Land, “The relativistic incompressible sphere”, J. Austral. Math. Soc. 8(1) (1968), 6 doi: 10.1017/S1446788700004559.
  83. M. S. R. Delgaty and K. Lake, “Physical acceptability of isolated, static, spherically symmetric, perfect fluid solutions of Einstein’s equations,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 115, 395-415 (1998) doi:10.1016/S0010-4655(98)00130-1 [arXiv:gr-qc/9809013 [gr-qc]].
  84. R. C. Tolman, “Static solutions of Einstein’s field equations for spheres of fluid”, Phys. Rev. 55, 364 (1939).
  85. V. Faraoni, S. Jose and A. Leblanc, “Curious case of the Buchdahl-Land-Sultana-Wyman-Ibañez-Sanz spacetime,” Phys. Rev. D 105, no.2, 024030 (2022) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.024030 [arXiv:2110.11289 [gr-qc]].
  86. I. Z. Fisher, “Scalar mesostatic field with regard for gravitational effects,” Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 18, 636-640 (1948) [arXiv:gr-qc/9911008 [gr-qc]].
  87. H. A. Buchdahl, “Static solutions of the Brans-Dicke equations”, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 6, 407 (1972).
  88. O. Bergmann and R. Leipnik, “Space-time structure of a static spherically symmetric scalar field”, Phys. Rev. 107, 1157 (1957).
  89. A. I. Janis, E. T. Newman, and J. Winicour, “Reality of the Schwarzschild Singularity”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 878 (1968).
  90. V. Faraoni, A. Giusti and B. H. Fahim, “Spherical inhomogeneous solutions of Einstein and scalar–tensor gravity: A map of the land,” Phys. Rept. 925, 1-58 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.04.003 [arXiv:2101.00266 [gr-qc]].
  91. A. Banijamali, B. Fazlpour and V. Faraoni, “Wyman’s other scalar field solution, Sultana’s generalization, and their Brans-Dicke and R2superscript𝑅2R^{2}italic_R start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT relatives,” Phys. Rev. D 100, no.6, 064017 (2019) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.064017 [arXiv:1905.07023 [gr-qc]].
  92. H. K. Nguyen, “Emerging Newtonian potential in pure R22{}^{2}start_FLOATSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_FLOATSUPERSCRIPT gravity on a de Sitter background,” JHEP 08, 127 (2023) doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2023)127 [arXiv:2306.03790 [gr-qc]].

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Open Problems

We haven't generated a list of open problems mentioned in this paper yet.

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 1 tweet with 1 like about this paper.