Impact of Lunar Dust on Free Space Optical (FSO) Energy Harvesting

Abstract: In the backdrop of escalating ambitions for space exploration, particularly with programs like Artemis aiming for a sustainable human presence on the Moon, the issue of efficient and reliable energy transmission has become a critical concern. This paper focuses on the impact of levitating lunar dust particle above the lunar surface on energy harvesting through a Free Space Optics (FSO) beam, commonly known as "laser power beaming". This study employs known mathematical models and numerical analysis to examine a ground-to-ground link on the lunar surface, using realistic data from the literature. More precisely, it assesses transmission losses and the performance of FSO energy harvesting in the presence of lunar dust under both illuminated and dark lighting conditions. The findings reveal that the choices regarding the height above the lunar surface and the transmission distance are key determinants in evaluating both losses and energy harvesting efficiency. Specifically, it was observed that the transmit power required to operate a 250W Polaris rover at a distance of 20km was on the order of several kilowatts. Additionally, it was noted that in the Moon's darker regions, the impact of lunar dust on transmission was nearly negligible, making these areas more conducive for FSO-based energy transmission.