Optical control and coherent coupling of spin diffusive modes in thermal gases

Abstract: Collective spins in thermal gases are at the core of a multitude of science and technology applications. In most of them, the random thermal motion of the particles is considered detrimental as it is responsible for decoherence and noise. In conditions of diffusive propagation, thermal atoms can potentially occupy various stable spatial modes in a glass cell. Extended or localized, diffusive modes have different magnetic properties, depending on the boundary conditions of the atomic cell, and can react differently to external perturbations. Here we demonstrate that few of these modes can be selectively excited, manipulated, and interrogated in atomic thermal vapours using laser light. In particular, we individuate the conditions for the generation of modes that are exceptionally resilient to undesirable effects introduced by optical pumping, such as light shifts and power-broadening, which are often the dominant sources of systematic errors in atomic magnetometers and co-magnetometers. Moreover, we show that the presence of spatial inhomogeneity in the pump, on top of the random diffusive atomic motion, introduces a coupling that leads to a coherent exchange of excitation between the two longest-lived modes. Our results indicate that systematic engineering of the multi-mode nature of diffusive gases has great potential for improving the performance of quantum technology applications based on alkali-metal thermal gases, and promote these simple experimental systems as versatile tools for quantum information applications.