Korovkin-type approximation for non positive operators

Abstract: This article investigates the convergence properties of Grunwald-type operators defined using the Lagrange interpolation operator. In $C[0, \pi]$, we establish sufficient conditions under which alternate grid point selection yields a convergence result. Employing a quantitative approach grounded in the modulus of continuity, we derive a theorem that provides insightful estimates for the convergence of Grunwald operator, accompanied by illustrative numerical examples. Addressing challenges related to continuity, we extend the operator to $L^1(\mathbb{R})$ and prove similar convergence results. Notably, the new operator demonstrates a uniform order of convergence on a dense subspace of $L^1(\mathbb{R})$. Moreover, it has a better convergence rate than Grunwald operator. We establish the non positivity of the Lagrange interpolation operator and, consequently, the constructed operators. Significant emphasis is placed on D.E. Wulbert theorem ($1968$), which is a Korovkin-type theorem that can be applied to non-positive operators. We extend this theorem to a broader class of operators, enabling its effective application to the constructed operators. This article, overall, highlights the broad applicability of Lagrange interpolation across diverse disciplines.