Substrate, temperature and magnetic field dependence of electric polarisation in mixed-stacking tetralayer graphenes

Abstract: Polytypes of tetralayer graphene (TLG: Bernal, rhombohedral and mixed stacking) are crystalline structures with different symmetries. Among those, mixed-stacking tetralayers lack inversion symmetry, which allows for intrinsic spontaneous out-of-plane electrical polarisation, inverted in the mirror-image pair, ABCB and ABAC stackings. Here, we compare the intrinsic polarisation of such TLGs with the symmetry-breaking effect of a substrate, which can also generate out-of-plane electric dipole moments with different sizes in all four polytypes, including ABCB and ABAC twins. We analyse their temperature and magnetic field dependence, in view of understanding the origin of the recently measured Kelvin probe force microscopy maps of tetralayer flakes, and notice that the intrinsic contribution could be singled out based on magnetic field dependence of polarisation measured at low temperatures.