Active particles knead three-dimensional gels into open crumbs

Abstract: Colloidal gels are prime examples of functional materials exhibiting disordered, amorphous, yet meta-stable forms. They maintain stability through short-range attractive forces and their material properties are tunable by external forces. Combining persistent homology analyses and simulations of three-dimensional colloidal gels doped with active particles, we reveal novel dynamically evolving structures of colloidal gels. Specifically, we show that the local injection of energy by active dopants can lead to highly porous, yet compact gel structures that can significantly affect the transport of active particles within the modified colloidal gel. We further show the substantially distinct structural behaviour between active doping of 2D and 3D systems by revealing how passive interfaces play a topologically different role in interacting with active particles in two and three dimensions. The results open the door to an unexplored prospect of forming a wide variety of compact but highly heterogeneous and percolated porous media through active doping of 3D passive matter, with diverse implications in designing new functional materials to active ground remediation.