Almost-idempotent quantum channels and approximate $C^*$-algebras

Abstract: Let $\Phi$ be a unital completely positive (UCP) map on the space of operators on some Hilbert space. We assume that $\Phi$ is $\eta$-idempotent, namely, $|\Phi^2-\Phi|_{\mathrm{cb}} \le\eta$, and construct an associated $\varepsilon$-$C^*$ algebra (of almost-invariant observables) for $\varepsilon=O(\eta)$. This type of structure has the axioms of a unital $C^*$ algebra but the associativity and other axioms involving the multiplication and the unit hold up to $\varepsilon$. We prove that any finite-dimensional $\varepsilon$-$C^*$ algebra $A$ is $O(\varepsilon)$-isomorphic to some genuine $C^*$ algebra $B$. These bounds are universal, i.e. do not depend on the dimensionality or other parameters. When $A$ comes from a finite-dimensional $\eta$-idempotent UCP map $\Phi$, the $O(\eta)$-isomorphism and its inverse can be realized by UCP maps. This gives an approximate factorization of the quantum channel $\Phi^*$ into a decoding channel, producing a state on $B$, and an encoding channel.