Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Permittivity Characterization of Human Skin Based on a Quasi-optical System at Sub-THz

Published 20 May 2024 in physics.med-ph and eess.SP | (2405.11863v1)

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel approach to experimentally characterize effective human skin permittivity at sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) frequencies, specifically from $140$~to $210$~GHz, utilizing a quasi-optical measurement system. To ensure accurate measurement of the reflection coefficients of human skin, a planar, rigid, and thick reference plate with a low-loss dielectric is utilized to flatten the human skin surface. A permittivity characterization method is proposed to reduce permittivity estimation deviations resulting from the pressure effects on the phase displacements of skins under the measurements but also to ensure repeatability of the measurement. In practical permittivity characterizations, the complex permittivities of the finger, palm, and arm of seven volunteers show small standard deviations for the repeated measurements, respectively, while those show significant variations across different regions of the skins and for different persons. The proposed measurement system holds significant potential for future skin permittivity estimation in sub-THz bands, facilitating further studies on human-electromagnetic-wave interactions based on the measured permittivity values.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (33)
  1. E. Pickwell, B. E. Cole, A. J. Fitzgerald, M. Pepper, and V. P. Wallace, “In vivo study of human skin using pulsed terahertz radiation,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 49, no. 9, p. 1595, 2004.
  2. Y. Feldman, A. Puzenko, P. B. Ishai, A. Caduff, I. Davidovich, F. Sakran, and A. J. Agranat, “The electromagnetic response of human skin in the millimetre and submillimetre wave range,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 54, no. 11, p. 3341, 2009.
  3. P. Zakharov, M. Talary, I. Kolm, and A. Caduff, “Full-field optical coherence tomography for the rapid estimation of epidermal thickness: study of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1,” Physiological measurement, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 193, 2009.
  4. G. J. Wilmink, B. L. Ibey, T. Tongue, B. Schulkin, N. Laman, X. G. Peralta, C. C. Roth, C. Z. Cerna, B. D. Rivest, J. E. Grundt et al., “Development of a compact terahertz time-domain spectrometer for the measurement of the optical properties of biological tissues,” Journal of biomedical optics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 047 006–047 006, 2011.
  5. K. Sasaki, M. Mizuno, K. Wake, and S. Watanabe, “Monte Carlo simulations of skin exposure to electromagnetic field from 10 GHz to 1 THz,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 62, no. 17, p. 6993, 2017.
  6. N. Betzalel, Y. Feldman, and P. B. Ishai, “The modeling of the absorbance of sub-THz radiation by human skin,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 521–528, 2017.
  7. Y. Wang, F. Qi, Z. Liu, P. Liu, W. Li, H. Wu, and W. Ning, “Wideband Method to Enhance the Terahertz Penetration in Human Skin Based on a 3-D Printed Dielectric Rod Waveguide,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 155–164, 2019.
  8. K. A. Baksheeva, R. V. Ozhegov, G. N. Goltsman, N. V. Kinev, V. P. Koshelets, A. Kochnev, N. Betzalel, A. Puzenko, P. Ben Ishai, and Y. Feldman, “The Sub-THz Emission of the Human Body Under Physiological Stress,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 381–388, 2021.
  9. M. Benova, M. Smetana, and A. Cikaiova, “Human exposure to mobile phone EMF inside shielded space,” in 2021 22nd International Conference on Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering (CPEE).   IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–4.
  10. E. A. Rashed, J. Gomez-Tames, and A. Hirata, “Human head skin thickness modeling for electromagnetic dosimetry,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 46 176–46 186, 2019.
  11. IEEE, “Ieee standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz,” IEEE Std C95.1-2019 (Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-2005/ Incorporates IEEE Std C95.1-2019/Cor 1-2019), pp. 1–312, 2019.
  12. S. S. Zhekov, O. Franek, and G. F. Pedersen, “Dielectric properties of human hand tissue for handheld devices testing,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 61 949–61 959, May 2019.
  13. Y. Gao, M. T. Ghasr, M. Nacy, and R. Zoughi, “Towards accurate and wideband in vivo measurement of skin dielectric properties,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 512–524, 2018.
  14. S. S. Zhekov and G. F. Pedersen, “Effect of dielectric properties of human hand tissue on mobile terminal antenna performance,” in 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).   IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–5.
  15. A. Christ, A. Aeschbacher, F. Rouholahnejad, T. Samaras, B. Tarigan, and N. Kuster, “Reflection properties of the human skin from 40 to 110 GHz: A confirmation study,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 562–574, 2021.
  16. A. M. Nor, O. Fratu, and S. Halunga, “The effect of human blockage on the performance of RIS aided sub-THz communication system,” in 2022 14th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN).   IEEE, 2022, pp. 622–625.
  17. L. Vähä-Savo, C. Cziezerski, M. Heino, K. Haneda, C. Icheln, A. Hazmi, and R. Tian, “Empirical evaluation of a 28 GHz antenna array on a 5G mobile phone using a body phantom,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 7476–7485, Nov. 2021.
  18. B. Xue, P. Koivumäki, L. Vähä-Savo, K. Haneda, and C. Icheln, “Impacts of real hands on 5G millimeter-wave cellphone antennas: Measurements and electromagnetic models,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 72, pp. 1–12, 2023.
  19. O. Erturk and T. Yilmaz, “A hexagonal grid based human blockage model for the 5G low terahertz band communications,” in 2018 IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF), 2018, pp. 395–398.
  20. P. Zhang, P. Kyösti, M. Bengtson, V. Hovinen, K. Nevala, J. Kokkoniemi, and A. Pärssinen, “Measurement-based characterization of d-band human body shadowing,” in 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2023, pp. 1–5.
  21. J.-Y. Kwon, W. Chung, C. Cho, J. H. Kim, and J. Choi, “Development of phantom for human body blockage experiment on indoor radio wave propagation,” in 2023 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2023, pp. 670–672.
  22. S. Wu, C. Li, G. Yang, S. Zheng, H. Gao, M. Zhao, H. Geng, X. Liu, and G. Fang, “MIMO-SA-based 3-d image reconstruction of targets under illumination of terahertz Gaussian beam—theory and experiment,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 4080–4097, 2023.
  23. S. Wu, C. Li, G. Yang, S. Zheng, H. Gao, H. Geng, M. Zhao, X. Liu, and G. Fang, “Terahertz 3-D imaging for non-cooperative on-the-move whole body by scanning MIMO-array-based gaussian fan-beam,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 12 147–12 162, 2022.
  24. B. Xue, K. Haneda, C. Icheln, and J. Ala-Laurinaho, “Human skin permittivity characterization for mobile handset evaluation at sub-THz,” IEEE European Microwave Week 2024, 2024.
  25. A. Kazemipour, M. Hudlička, S.-K. Yee, M. A. Salhi, D. Allal, T. Kleine-Ostmann, and T. Schrader, “Design and calibration of a compact quasi-optical system for material characterization in millimeter/submillimeter wave domain,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1438–1445, 2015.
  26. Y. Yashchyshyn and K. Godziszewski, “A New Method for Dielectric Characterization in Sub-THz Frequency Range,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 19–26, 2018.
  27. H.-T. Zhu and K. Wu, “Complex Permittivity Measurement of Dielectric Substrate in Sub-THz Range,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 2–15, 2021.
  28. M. A. Aliouane, J.-M. Conrat, J.-C. Cousin, and X. Begaud, “Material reflection measurements in centimeter and millimeter wave ranges for 6g wireless communications,” in 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit).   IEEE, 2022, pp. 43–48.
  29. B. Xue, K. Haneda, C. Icheln, and J. Tuomela, “Complex permittivity characterization of low-loss dielectric slabs at sub-THz,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2024.
  30. K. Sasaki, M. Mizuno, K. Wake, and S. Watanabe, “Measurement of the dielectric properties of the skin at frequencies from 0.5 GHz to 1 THz using several measurement systems,” in 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz), 2015, pp. 1–2.
  31. S. Gabriel, R. Lau, and C. Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: Iii. parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues,” Physics in medicine & biology, vol. 41, no. 11, p. 2271, 1996.
  32. M. N. Afsar and K. J. Button, “Millimeter-wave dielectric measurement of materials,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 131–153, 1985.
  33. X. Wang and S. A. Tretyakov, “Fast and robust characterization of lossy dielectric slabs using rectangular waveguides,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 2341–2350, 2022.

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Sign Up to Summarize

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate All Videos Subscribe on YouTube

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate

Open Problems

We found no open problems mentioned in this paper.

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Generate Now

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Sign Up

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 3 tweets with 1 like about this paper.

Sign Up for Free