Hydrogen and Battery Based Energy Storage System (ESS) for Future DC Microgrids

Abstract: In this paper, a hydrogen-based energy storage system (ESS) is proposed for DC microgrids, which can potentially be integrated with battery ESS to meet the needs of future grids with high renewable penetration. Hydrogen-based ESS can provide a stable energy supply for a long time but has a slower response than battery ESSs. However, a combination of battery and hydrogen storage provides stable energy for an extended period of time and can easily handle the sudden demands and surpluses of the microgrid. One of the main challenges in this system is the integration of power electronics with fuel cell technology to convert renewable energy into electricity seamlessly. This paper proposes a system that uses an isolated DC-DC converter to activate clean hydrogen production using an electrolyzer and then pressurize the hydrogen to store in a tank. The pressured hydrogen becomes an essential input to the fuel cell, which regulates and transforms it into electricity. The electricity produced is then transferred to the grid using a DC-DC boost converter. A Simulink model of the hybrid system with a 1 kV DC bus voltage is used to demonstrate the hydrogen production and fuel cell behavior based on the demand and surplus power of the loads. The proposed system simulates aspects of the power conversion, electrolyzer, storage tank, and fuel cell needed for the proposed hybrid ESS. Due to its economic feasibility, the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is the primary technology considered for the electrolyzer and fuel cell.