A two-step model to study the inclusivity's distribution of Italian early childhood education and care services

Abstract: This study investigates how to define and measure inclusivity in Italy's early childhood education and care (ECEC) services, bringing to light the gap between legislative principles and local/regional applications. The Italian legislative decree n. 65/2017 prescribes inclusivity in ECEC, defined as being open to all children and indicating it as a top priority. To delve into this concept, we propose a two-step model. First, a latent trait model estimates an inclusivity index as a latent variable. Then, a mixed quantile model examines the distribution of this novel latent inclusivity index across Italian regions. Our findings reveal a substantial variation in inclusivity across Italy. In addition, a proper indicator based on the latent inclusivity index defined in the first step is provided at the NUTS-3 level using the empirical best predictor approach. From our analysis, public facilities demonstrate a higher level of inclusivity compared to their private counterparts. Despite these challenges, we are compelled to identify positive scenarios that can serve as models for regions facing more critical situations. Besides its methodological advancement, this paper provides policymakers and stakeholders with an evident call to action, offering valuable insights into the inclusivity landscape of Italian ECEC services. It underscores the urgent need to standardize the accessibility characteristics of ECEC services throughout Italy to ensure equitable access for all children.