Self-ordering, cooling, and lasing in an ensemble of clock atoms

Abstract: Active atomic clocks are predicted to provide far better short-term stability and robustness against thermal fluctuations than typical feedback-based optical atomic clocks. However, continuous laser operation using an ensemble of clock atoms still remains an experimentally challenging task. We study spatial self-organization in a transversely driven ensemble of clock atoms inside an optical resonator and coherent light emission from the cavity. We focus on the spectral properties of the emitted light in the narrow atomic linewidth regime, where the phase coherence providing frequency stability is stored in the atomic dipoles rather than the cavity field. The atoms are off-resonantly driven by a standing-wave coherent laser transversely to the cavity axis allowing for atomic motion along the cavity axis as well as along the pump. In order to treat larger atom numbers we employ a second-order cumulant expansion which allows us to calculate the spectrum of the cavity light field. We identify the self-organization threshold where the atoms align themselves in a checkerboard pattern, thus maximizing light scattering into the cavity, which simultaneously induces cooling. For a larger driving intensity, more atoms are transferred to the excited state, reducing cooling but increasing light emission from the excited atoms. This can be enhanced via a second cavity mode at the atomic frequency spatially shifted by a quarter wavelength. For large enough atom numbers we observe laser-like emission close to the bare atomic transition frequency.